AB Pictoris
AB Pictoris is a K-type main-sequence star, located 163.5 light-years away in the southern constellation of Pictor. It has been identified as a member of the young Tucana–Horologium association. The star has been classified as a BY Draconis variable, indicating it has an active chromosphere. It is an X-ray source and displays emission lines in its spectrum.
In 2005 it was announced that an astronomical object had been imaged in 2003 and 2004 close to and apparently in orbit around the star. Its mass suggests that it is at the borderline between being a brown dwarf or a planet.
Planetary system
In 2003 and 2004, an object was observed close to the star by a team of astronomers at the European Southern Observatory. Since it had common proper motion with AB Pictoris, it was concluded that it was physically close to the star. Its spectral type was estimated as between L0V and L3V. Using evolutionary models, its mass was estimated as from 13 to 14 Jupiter masses. However, because modelling such young objects is difficult, this estimate is very uncertain; some models give masses as low as 11 Jupiter masses or as high as 70 Jupiter masses. Temperature estimates range from 1600 K to 2400 K. As it is not known if the mass of the object exceeds the deuterium burning limit of 13 Jupiter masses, it is not clear whether the object should be classified as an extrasolar planet or a brown dwarf. In 2010 a team obtained the spectrum of AB Pic b with VLT/SINFONI. This confirmed this object as an L-dwarf with low surface gravity, matching a spectral type of L0-L1. It also constrained the temperature to Kelvin. Another team found that AB Pic b has a lower temperature of 1400-1700 K and possibly a lower mass. A later analysis did find a temperature of K and a mass of 10-14. The planet shows several molecular and atomic absorption lines in the spectrum. The most notable are water vapor, carbon monoxide, potassium and sodium. The planetary orbit is significantly misaligned with its spin axis orientation, possibly due to gravitational interactions with the additional inner planet.An additional planet, AB Pictoris c, was first suspected by combining direct imaging, radial velocity and the astrometric acceleration from AB Pic A. The planet was confirmed in 2025 with a re-analysis of the Gaia excess noise and the proper motion anomaly.