4-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol is a phenolic compound that has a nitro group at the opposite position of the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring.
Properties
4-nitro phenol is a slightly yellow, crystalline material, moderately toxic.It shows two polymorphs in the crystalline state. The alpha-form is colorless pillars, unstable at room temperature, and stable toward sunlight. The beta-form is yellow pillars, stable at room temperature, and gradually turns red upon irradiation of sunlight. Usually 4-nitrophenol exists as a mixture of these two forms.
Preparation
From phenol
4-Nitrophenol can be prepared by nitration of phenol using dilute nitric acid at room temperature. The reaction produces a mixture of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol.Uses
pH indicator
4-Nitrophenol can be used as a pH indicator. A solution of 4-nitrophenol appears colorless below pH 5.4 and yellow above pH 7.5. This color-changing property makes this compound useful as a pH indicator.The yellow color of the 4-nitrophenolate form is due to a maximum of absorbance at . In contrast, 4-nitrophenol has a weak absorbance at .
The isosbestic point for 4-nitrophenol/4-nitrophenoxide is at, with.
Other uses
- 4-Nitrophenol is an intermediate in the synthesis of paracetamol. It is reduced to 4-aminophenol, then acetylated with acetic anhydride.
- 4-Nitrophenol is used as the precursor for the preparation of phenetidine and acetophenetidine, indicators, and raw materials for fungicides. Bioaccumulation of this compound rarely occurs.
- In peptide synthesis, carboxylate ester derivatives of 4-nitrophenol may serve as activated components for construction of amide moieties.
Uses of derivatives
4-Nitrophenol is a product of the enzymatic cleavage of several synthetic substrates such as 4-nitrophenyl phosphate, 4-nitrophenyl acetate, 4-nitrophenyl-β--glucopyranoside and other sugar derivatives which are used to assay various glycosidase enzymes. Amounts of 4-nitrophenol produced by a particular enzyme in the presence of its corresponding substrate can be measured with a spectrophotometer at or around and used as a proxy measurement for the amount of the enzyme activity in the sample.
Accurate measurement of enzyme activity requires that the 4-nitrophenol product is fully deprotonated, existing as 4-nitrophenolate, given the weak absorbance of 4-nitrophenol at. Complete ionization of the alcohol functional group affects the conjugation of the pi bonds on the compound. A lone pair from the oxygen can be delocalized via conjugation to the benzene ring and nitro group. Since the length of conjugated systems affects the color of organic compounds, this ionization change causes the 4-nitrophenol to turn yellow when fully deprotonated and existing as 4-nitrophenolate.
A common mistake in measuring enzyme activity using these substrates is to perform the assays at neutral or acidic pH without considering that only part of the chromophoric product is ionized. The problem can be overcome by stopping the reaction with sodium hydroxide or other strong base, which converts all product into 4-nitrophenoxide; final pH must be > ca. 9.2 to ensure more than 99% of the product is ionised. Alternatively enzyme activity can be measured at, the isosbestic point for 4-nitrophenol/4-nitrophenoxide.