2022 Ontario general election

General elections were held on June 2, 2022, to elect Members of the Provincial Parliament to serve in the 43rd Parliament of Ontario.
The governing Progressive Conservatives, led by Premier Doug Ford, were re-elected to a second majority government, winning 7 more seats than they had won in 2018. The NDP retained their status as the Official Opposition, despite losing seats and finishing third in the popular vote, while the Ontario Liberals finished 2nd in the popular vote, but only won 8 seats, a gain of one seat from 2018 but falling short of official party status. The Green Party retained the single seat they won in 2018 while the New Blue and Ontario Party failed to win a seat, both losing their lone sitting MPPs.
A total of 4,701,959 valid votes were cast in this election, as well as a smaller number of invalid ballots. The election set a record for the lowest voter turnout in an Ontario provincial election, as only 44.06% of the people who were eligible voted. This broke the previous record for low turnout of 48.2% in the 2011 election.

Background

As of December 2016, Ontario elections are held on or before the first Thursday in June in the fourth calendar year following the previous general election.
In the June 2018 Ontario general election, the Progressive Conservative Party led by Doug Ford won a strong majority government. The New Democratic Party led by Andrea Horwath became the [Leader of the Leader of the Official Opposition (Ontario)|Official Opposition (Ontario)|Official Opposition]; this was the first time since 1990 they surpassed their third-place status. The governing Liberal Party led by Premier Kathleen Wynne was decimated, winning only 7 out of the 124 seats in the legislature and being reduced to third-place status. The Green Party won its first seat in history, with leader Mike Schreiner becoming its first Member of Provincial Parliament.
Wynne resigned as leader immediately after the 2018 election and MPP John Fraser succeeded her as interim leader; he held that post until [2020 Ontario Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal Party leadership election|March 2020], when Wynne's former minister of transportation, Steven Del Duca, became permanent leader of the Liberal Party. Meanwhile, Horwath and Schreiner both remained leader of their parties and had no intention of resigning.
By December 2019, polling showed that the Ford government was as unpopular as the previous Wynne government. However, the Progressive Conservatives experienced a surge of support during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic; a Mainstreet Research poll in June 2020 showed the PCs at 42 percent, the Liberals at 28 percent, and the NDP at 23 percent.
On October 5, 2020, Ontario MPPs voted unanimously in favour of a motion stating that the government will not call an election prior to the fixed election date in 2022. Before this vote, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario could have been dissolved earlier by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario on a motion of no confidence or if the Premier triggered a snap election.
In April 2021, the province experienced a major third wave of COVID-19 infections, and, after quickly reversing government health policies, such as opening and then abruptly closing restaurants, the government was criticized over their handling of COVID-19. This led to the PCs' support dipping, but remaining ahead of the Liberals and NDP.
In late April 2022 – days before the election call – the Ford government released its budget, promising to implement it if the government was reelected. The budget recorded a deficit of $19.9 billion and promised substantial spending on infrastructure and tax breaks for some workers and seniors.
On May 3, 2022, Premier Doug Ford met with the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario to advise dissolution of the legislature and for writs of election be drawn up.

Timeline

2018

June 7: The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario under Doug Ford wins a majority government in the 42nd Ontario general election, with Andrea Horwath's New Democrats forming the Official Opposition. After leading the party to the worst result in its history, outgoing Premier Kathleen Wynne resigns as leader of the Ontario Liberal Party, but remains MPP for Don Valley West.
June 14: Ottawa South MPP John Fraser is named interim leader of the Ontario Liberal Party.
June 29: Progressive Conservative leader Doug Ford is sworn in as the 26th Premier of Ontario.
July 11: Wellington—Halton Hills MPP Ted Arnott, a Progressive Conservative, is elected Speaker by secret ballot.

2020

March 7: Former Vaughan MPP and cabinet minister Steven Del Duca is elected leader of the Ontario Liberal Party.
October 5: MPP's vote unanimously in favour of a motion introduced by Scarborough—Guildwood MPP Mitzie Hunter stating that the government will not call an election prior to the fixed election date in 2022.

2021

November 8: Randy Hillier announces that he will run under the banner of the People's Party of Canada's proposed Ontario wing, the Ontario First Party. He later announced that he would not seek re-election.
December 14: Former Member of Parliament for Hastings—Lennox and Addington, Derek Sloan, announces that he will lead the Ontario Party in the upcoming election.

2022

May 3: Writs of the election were drawn up, dissolving the Legislature and officially starting the campaign.
May 10: First leaders' debate, organized by Federation of Northern Ontario Municipalities.
May 16: Second leaders' debate, organized by Broadcast Consortium.
June 2: Election day.

Campaign period

Incumbents not standing for reelection

26 MPPs chose not to campaign in the election:

Summary

The 2022 Ontario Budget, entitled Ontario's Plan to Build, served as the platform of the governing PC Party. The main five themes it emphasized were: growing the clean energy economy with minerals from the Ring of Fire, building infrastructure including Highway 413, the Bradford Bypass and expanding GO service, supporting workers by funding more skilled trades programs, raising the minimum hourly wage to $15 and allowing universities to issue three-year degrees, lowering taxes by eliminating license plate stickers, eliminating tolls and reducing housing development fees and lastly to avoid future COVID-19 lockdowns by hiring more healthcare workers..
The Official Opposition NDP's campaign focused on increased funding for social programs and government services, which would be paid for through higher taxes on businesses and individuals earning over $200,000 per year. Funding would go toward reducing class sizes, raising welfare payments and disability payments, subsidies for black, indigenous and LGBTQ+ entrepreneurs, hiring more healthcare and education staff and increased wages for public servants. The NDP also proposed to expand COVID-19 vaccine mandates, implement a mixed member proportional electoral system, to close down all privately owned long-term care facilities and to stop the construction of new highway projects.

Issue	PC	NDP	Liberal	Green	New Blue	Ontario Party
Budget	Eliminate the deficit in the 2027–2028 fiscal year		Lower the deficit to $5 billion by 2025-2026 Present a balanced budget in the 2026-2027 fiscal year	Lower the deficit steadily from $20 billion in 2022–23 to $6 billion in 2025-26
Business subsidies		Provide all mining tax revenue to northern Indigenous communities Raise business taxes by an unspecified amount Subsidize 2SLGBTQIA+, Black and Indigenous entrepreneurs, including the restoration of the Indigenous Culture Fund Fund art projects dedicated to diversity, equity and inclusion Create a small business recovery grant Lift the cap on the Risk Management Program Provide a loan guarantee to young farmers Provide another round of Tourism Recovery Program payments	Guarantee loans to small businesses Reimburse businesses for costs up to $200 a day for workers to take up to ten paid sick days		Eliminate Torstar's online gambling licence
COVID-19		Add COVID-19 vaccination to the immunization schedule for schools Launch a public inquiry into Ontario's response to COVID-19 Require at least three vaccine doses for vaccine passports Give the Chief Medical Officer of Health the authority to override government decisions	Add COVID-19 vaccination to the immunization schedule for schools Launch a public inquiry into Ontario's response to COVID-19	Launch a public inquiry into Ontario's response to COVID-19	Eliminate all COVID-19 restrictions and mandates Prohibit the use of COVID-19 vaccine passports by businesses Expand early treatment for COVID-19	Eliminate all COVID-19 restrictions and mandates Prohibit the use of COVID-19 vaccine passports by businesses Outlaw the ability for the provincial government to impose lockdowns
Education	Invest $14 billion to build more schools Expand three-year college degrees Spend $42.5 million to expand medical education Cover tuition and other costs for nursing graduates who commit to work in rural and underserved areas	End academic streaming Hire 20,000 more teachers Hire more custodians and school maintenance staff Reduce Grade 4 to Grade 8 class sizes to 24 Reduce kindergarten class sizes to 26 Prioritize Ontario based authors and publishers in schools Eliminate EQAO testing Scrap mandatory online high school courses Convert all OSAP loans to grants Double the Rural and Northern Education Fund Increase funding for special education Increase the number of high school trades and shop classes Forgive student loan interest	End academic streaming Spend $10 billion building and repairing schools Hire 10,000 more teachers Hire 5,000 more special education workers Cap class sizes at 20 students for all grades Restore Grade 13 as an option for secondary school students for a minimum of 4 years Eliminate EQAO tests and replace with new assessment strategy Double current OSAP funding Continue the tuition freeze Eliminate interest on provincial student loans Cover tuition costs for medical and nursing students working in a rural or remote communities Provide free tuition for all ECE programs	Expand nursing schools by 7% every year Reduce Grade 4 to Grade 8 class sizes to 24 Reduce kindergarten class sizes to 26 Introduce a school lunch program	Create a school voucher program Remove Critical Race Theory from the curriculum Remove gender theory from the curriculum	Create a school voucher program Remove Critical Race Theory from the curriculum Remove gender theory from the curriculum Allow the creation of charter schools Make it illegal for teachers to promote partisan political positions in the classroom Allow parents to opt their children out of certain school lessons Require universities to maintain free speech on campus Require universities to hire ideologically diverse educators Lower tuition fees for degrees with high labour market demand
Elections		Replace the electoral system with Mixed Member Proportional Reduce annual political donation limits to $1600 Ban protests that incite racist, homophobic, transphobic or xenophobic hate	Introduce ranked ballots for the next provincial election followed by an independent review Allow municipalities the usage of ranked ballot voting systems for elections Explore potential changes such as lowering the voting age, voting on weekends and expanded advanced voting	Create citizens assembly on electoral reform with mandate to provide binding recommendation to ensure that every vote counts Allow municipalities the usage of ranked ballot voting systems for elections Limit total contribution for municipal elections to $1000 for all candidates, combined Reduce donation limits for provincial political parties, candidates, and constituency associations to $1000 per year Restore Auditor General oversight of government advertising Require a five-year gap before MPPs and government advisors can register as lobbyists	Eliminate subsidies to political parties	Establish a process for voters to recall their MPP if they fail to represent them
Energy and Environment	Create a new provincial park Subsidize the manufacturing of electric vehicles	Create a cap-and-trade system Ban the sale of gasoline-powered vehicles by 2035 Create a $10,000 tax credit for the purchase of electric vehicles Ban the conversion of any agricultural land into development Expand the Greenbelt Plant one billion trees by 2030 Ban non-medical single-use plastics by 2024 Upgrade public school buildings to make them carbon neutral	Create five new provincial parks Ban new natural gas plants Plant 100 million trees per year until 2030 Protect 30% of Ontario's land and expand the Greenbelt Ban the sale of gasoline-powered vehicles by 2035 Create a $8,000 tax credit for the purchase or lease of electric vehicles and $1,500 for respective charging equipment Eliminate connection fees for rooftop solar charging panels Restrict some single-use plastics Provide grants and interest-free loans to retrofit homes and buildings	Reduce electricity subsidies by $20 billion over 10 years Eliminate gas-powered power plants Oppose the building of new nuclear power plants or uranium mines Protect 30% of Ontario's land and double the size of the Greenbelt		Ban the dumping of untreated waste into bodies of water Fund municipal governments to upgrade sewage treatment
Healthcare	Build new hospitals in Niagara Falls; Windsor-Essex Build 3,000 new hospital beds in 2022-2023 Provide publicly funded prescriptions to low-income seniors Provide publicly funded dental care to low-income seniors Offer incentive payments of up to $5,000 over the next two years to nurses who stay in the job	Repeal Bill 124 Establish provincial standards for home-care services and providers Build 30,000 mental health supportive housing spaces over ten years Provide publicly funded prescriptions to all residents Provide publicly funded dental care to all residents Increase hospital funding Add additional funding to clear the surgical backlog Eliminate all user fees in healthcare Collect race-based data on health care Hire 22,000 more nurses Hire 300 more physicians in Northern Ontario Stop mergers of public health units Provide $400 per month to informal caregivers Publicly fund contraception	Repeal Bill 124 Build 3,000 new hospital beds Hire 100,000 new health care workers Introduce a Portable Benefits Plan for those without or lacking in their employer benefits; provides drug, dental, vision, and mental health coverage Build 15,000 mental health supportive housing spaces Fully fund clinical costs for hospices Build new hospitals in Windsor, South Niagara, Markdale, Moosonee, Moose Factory Island, Innisfil, Whitby and Ottawa	Build 60,000 mental health supportive housing spaces Increase mental health funding Provide publicly funded prescriptions Provide publicly funded dental care Create a dedicated crisis response line for mental health Cover mental health therapy through public funding	Work on clearing the backlog of procedures	Do not fire healthcare workers who refuse to participate in abortion or assisted-suicide End the prohibition on private health facilities and insurance Prohibit sex-change surgeries for minors Require parental consent for medical treatment for children
Housing	Use MZOs to approve the construction of more housing supply	Implement rent control Subsidize rent for low-income households End exclusionary zoning Restore in-person hearings at the Landlord and Tenant Board	Implement rent control Implement a ban on foreign buyers for at least four years Fund the construction of 138,000 public housing units, of which 22,000 will be dedicated to off-reserve indigenous residents Ban the use of MZOs	Implement rent control including vacancy control Fund the construction of 100,000 public housing units Restore 260,000 community housing units Provide portable housing benefits to 311,000 people End blind bidding Require home inspections at the seller's expense
Indigenous		Create an indigenous curriculum Boost funding for Indigenous language education Support more Indigenous representation on boards Clean up the English-Wabigoon River system Establish a provincial strategy to address the suicide crisis among Indigenous youth Commission a monument that recognizes the victims of the residential school system Establish the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation as a statutory holiday Strengthen fire protection	Mandate the inclusion of residential schools into the curriculum	Reform child welfare and protection services by ensuring Indigenous communities are served by Indigenous-led providers Wortk with NCTR to identify, collect, and provide copies of all records relevant to the history and legacy of the residential school system in Ontario Make the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation a statutory holiday Restore funding for the Indigenous curriculum program Develop a mandatory curriculum on colonialism and residential schools, treaties, and Indigenous histories and experiences
Law Enforcement		Expand supervised drug consumption sites Ban carding	Expand supervised drug consumption sites Hire more police officers from underrepresented demographics Require police training in anti-racism, cultural sensitivity, and mental health	Expand supervised drug consumption sites
Long-term care	Build 30,000 long-term care beds over six years Create a standardized survey of long-term care residents	Phase out for-profit long-term care homes Build 50,000 long-term care beds Hire 10,000 more PSWs Raise pay for PSWs by at least $5 per hour	Phase out for-profit long-term care homes Build 30,000 long-term care beds over six years; redevelop an additional 28,000 existing spaces	Phase out for-profit long-term care homes
Regulation	Raise the minimum wage to $15.50/h Abolish the Ontario College of Trades Approve the construction of oil and gas pipelines	Raise the minimum wage to $20/h over 5 years Ban licensed sport shooters from owning handguns Provide ten publicly funded sick days for all workers Increase the number of jobs covered under Employment Standards and the Workplace Safety and Insurance Act Implement price controls on gasoline Require automobile insurance businesses to charge the same premiums in all regions of Ontario Ban the issuing of payday loans Require the hiring of more women and racial minorities Implement UNDRIP Require mandatory anti-oppression and anti-bias training for all public employees and politicians Subject all government programs and regulations to a gender-based analysis	Raise the minimum wage to $16/h and implement regional living wages Ban licensed sport shooters from owning handguns Provide ten paid sick days for all workers	Raise the minimum wage each year by $1, starting at $16 in 2022, with a top-up in cities where the cost of living is higher Increase the number of provincially-legislated paid sick days from three to ten, and provide small businesses financial support to fund the program Ban employers from requiring a sick note from a medical practitioner when an employee is ill	Prohibit lobbyists from being involved in political parties Make it illegal to conduct fraud in internal political party votes	Reduce immigration levels to match housing supply levels Prohibit foreigners from buying houses Repeal Bill 163
Social assistance	Increase ODSP payments by 5%	Increase ODSP payments by 20% Increase OW payments by 20% Conduct a basic income pilot project	Increase ODSP payments by 20% Increase OW payments by 10% Increase Old Age Security by $1,000 per year Bring back the basic income pilot	Increase ODSP payments by 100%
Taxation	Remove license plate sticker requirements and their respective fees Reduce gasoline taxes by 5.7 cents per litre for six months starting on July 1, 2022 Reduce fuel taxes by 5.3 cents per litre starting on July 1, 2022 Increase the Non-Resident Speculation Tax and extend its reach beyond the GTHA Extend qualification for the LIFT tax credit to $50,000 Create an Ontario Seniors Care at Home Tax Credit	Freeze taxes for low and middle income families Create a tax on housing speculation Introduce an annual vacancy tax on residential property Maintain the Non-Resident Speculation Tax at 20% Raise taxes on upper income workers by an unspecified amount Create a filming tax-credit Extend the Staycation tax credit	Remove the provincial sales tax from prepared meals under $20 Increase the corporate tax rate by 1% on corporations with a profit above $1 billion Increase the income tax rate by 2% on income over $500,000 Introduce a 5% tax on vacant homes for non-Canadian owners; 2% for Canadian owners Introduce a ‘use it or lose it’ tax on developers sitting on land ready for development Create a $75 tax credit for each winter tire installed Increase the eligibility for the Low-Income Individuals and Families tax credit from $38,000 to $50,000 Rebate Northern municipalities 5% of the provincial mining tax Suspend corporate income tax collection for small businesses for 2022 and 2023	Add a 1% surtax onto the income taxes of the top 10% earners Introduce a 20% multiple homes speculation tax on third and additional properties	Reduce the Harmonized Sales Tax from 13% to 10% Remove the carbon tax Reduce taxes on gasoline	Eliminate the PST on gasoline and diesel
Transportation	Restore the Northlander service to Northern Ontario Build Highway 413 Build the Bradford Bypass highway Build new Highway 7 between Guelph and Kitchener Rebuild Highway 101 through Timmins Widen Highway 401 between Hespeler Road and Townline Road in Cambridge, between Whitby and Port Hope, and in Eastern Ontario Widen Highway 17 to four lanes from Arnprior to Renfrew Widen Highway 417 to eight lanes from Highway 416 to Maitland Avenue Build Highway 6 Morriston Bypass, and complete interchanges on the Hanlon Expressway Expand Highway 3 between Windsor and Leamington Extend GO Transit trains to Bowmanville Extend GO Transit trains to London Build the Ontario Line Subway, Scarborough Subway Extension, Yonge North Subway Extension and Eglinton Crosstown West Extension Build a second Garden City Skyway twin bridge	Restore passenger rail service to Northern Ontario Cancel the construction of Highway 413 and the Bradford Bypass Require transit projects to make Canadian-made vehicles Remove tolls on Highway 407 for commercial drivers Pursue penalty fees from 407 ETR for failing to meet a minimum standard of traffic in 2020 and 2021 Designate Highways 11 and 17 as Class 1 highways Four-lane Highway 69, Highway 11/17, Highway 3; the Morriston bypass Move ahead with the Thunder Bay Expressway Interchange Project Expand Highway 7 between Kitchener and Guelph Fund two-way all-day GO Transit to Kitchener-Waterloo Extend the Hurontario LRT to downtown Brampton Fund 50% of municipal transit costs	Restore the Northlander service to Northern Ontario within two years Cancel the construction of Highway 413 Reassess the proposed Bradford Bypass' environmental impact Reduce all transit fares in Ontario to $1 per ride Cut the cost for monthly passes to $40 per month Make public transit publicly funded for veterans Widen Highway 401 at targeted bottlenecks, including from Milton to Mississauga and between Pickering and Bowmanville Build a new Highway 7 between Guelph and Kitchener Expand Highway 3 between Windsor and Leamington Complete the four-laning of Highway 69 and Highway 11/17 between Thunder Bay and Nipigon by 2025 Build the Ontario Line Subway, Scarborough Subway Extension, Yonge North Subway Extension and Eglinton Crosstown West Extension Fund two-way all-day GO Transit to Milton Extend GO Transit trains to Bowmanville	Cancel the construction of Highway 413 Cut transit fares by 50% for at least 3 months Fund 50% of municipal transit operating expenses Expand GO Transit services
Unions		Allow contractors to unionize Allow any workplace to unionize when 55% of workers endorse unionization Ban strikebreakers Allow students to unionize	Allow contractors to unionize

Opinion polls

Pre-campaign polls

'''Notes'''

Results

Despite only posting a marginal increase in the popular vote, the Progressive Conservative Party won with an increased parliamentary majority.
PC gains came primarily at the expense of the New Democratic Party, who lost significant vote share primarily to the Liberal Party. Nevertheless, the NDP maintained their role as official opposition by a large margin. Although she won her seat, Andrea Horwath resigned as leader of the NDP.
Despite edging out the NDP for second place in the popular vote, the Liberals only gained one seat and failed to regain official party status. After failing to win in his own riding, Liberal leader Steven Del Duca also announced his resignation as party leader.
The only two candidates outside the three largest parties to be elected were Green Party leader Mike Schreiner and independent candidate Bobbi Ann Brady, who prior to the election was the executive assistant to the retiring PC MPP in her riding.
The official results, certified by Elections Ontario, are as follows:

Post-election pendulum

The robustness of the margins of victory for each party can be summarized in electoral pendulums. These are not necessarily a measure of the volatility of the respective riding results. The following tables show the margins over the various 2nd-place contenders, for which one-half of the value represents the swing needed to overturn the result. Actual seat turnovers in the 2022 election are noted for reference.

Detailed results

Summary analysis

Parties	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	Total
	83	28	13			124
	31	37	54	2		124
	8	58	53	2		121
	1	1	2	93	24	121
	1			2		3
			1	16	80	97
			1	9	17	27
					1	1
					1	1
					1	1

Significant results among independent and minor party candidates

Those candidates not belonging to a major party, receiving more than 1,000 votes in the election, are listed below:

Riding	Party	Candidates	Votes	Placed
Haldimand—Norfolk		Bobbi Ann Brady	15,921	1st
Hamilton East—Stoney Creek		Paul Miller	2,411	4th
Sault Ste. Marie		Naomi Sayers	1,070	4th

Seats changing hands

Of the 124 seats, 26 were open because of MPPs who chose not to stand for reelection, and voters in only 14 seats changed allegiance from the previous election in 2018.
There were 14 seats that changed allegiance in the election:
; NDP to PC

; NDP to Liberal

; Liberal to NDP

Thunder Bay—Superior North

; PC to NDP

Ottawa West—Nepean

; PC to Independent

Haldimand—Norfolk

Of the 14 seats that changed hands, seven were open seats where the MPPs chose to retire, and seven others saw their incumbents defeated.

Riding	Party	Candidate	Incumbent retiring from the House	Won by	Party
Beaches—East York		Kate Dupuis	Rima Berns-McGown	Mary-Margaret McMahon
Brampton North		Sandeep Singh	Kevin Yarde	Graham McGregor
Essex		Ron LeClair	Taras Natyshak	Anthony Leardi
Haldimand—Norfolk		Ken Hewitt	Toby Barrett	Bobbi Ann Brady
Kingston and the Islands		Mary Rita Holland	Ian Arthur	Ted Hsu
Thunder Bay—Superior North		Shelby Ch’ng	Michael Gravelle	Lise Vaugeois
Windsor—Tecumseh		Gemma Grey-Hall	Percy Hatfield	Andrew Dowie

Constituency	Party	Name	Year elected	Seat held by party since	Defeated by	Party
Brampton Centre		Sara Singh	2018	2018	Charmaine Williams
Brampton East		Gurratan Singh	2018	2018	Hardeep Grewal
Hamilton East—Stoney Creek		Paul Miller	2007	2007	Neil Lumsden
Ottawa West—Nepean		Jeremy Roberts	2018	2018	Chandra Pasma
Thunder Bay—Atikokan		Judith Monteith-Farrell	2018	2018	Kevin Holland
Timmins		Gilles Bisson	1990	1990	George Pirie
York South—Weston		Faisal Hassan	2018	2018	Michael Ford

Three PC MPPs had changed allegiance during the course of the past Legislature, but failed to secure reelection under their new banners. The seats reverted to the PCs.

Constituency	Party	Party	Name	Year elected	Changed allegiance	Defeated by	Party
Cambridge			Belinda Karahalios	2018	2020	Brian Riddell
Chatham-Kent—Leamington			Rick Nicholls	2011	2021	Trevor Jones
Glengarry—Prescott—Russell			Amanda Simard	2018	2020	Stéphane Sarrazin

Student Vote results

Student Vote elections are mock elections that run parallel to real elections, in which students not of voting age participate. They are administered by CIVIX Canada, in partnership with Elections Ontario. Student Vote elections are for educational purposes and do not count towards the actual results.
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Party
! rowspan="2" | Leader
! colspan="3" | Seats
! colspan="3" | Votes
! Elected
! 2018
! ±
! #
! %
! Change