2-Oxazolidinone
2-Oxazolidinone is a heterocyclic organic compound containing both nitrogen and oxygen in a 5-membered ring.
Synthesis and occurrence
The compound arises by the reaction of an ethanolamine and dimethylcarbonate or related phosgene equivalents.It is one of waste products generated in amine gas treating due to cyclization of ethanolamine carbamate.
History
The compound was first reported in 1888 by German chemist Siegmund Gabriel. While investigating reactions of bromoethylamine hydrobromide, he treated it with silver carbonate and isolated a product with melting point around 90–91°C. He determined its empirical formula correctly, but neither gave it a specific name nor studied its properties.Nine years later Gabriel returned to the topic together with G. Eschenbach, developing a more efficient synthesis using sodium bicarbonate instead of the silver salt. They referred to the compound as "Oxäthylcarbaminsäureanhydrid", recognizing its relationship to ethanolamine and its cyclic structure. Their 1897 paper focused on optimizing the yield of oxazolidone and investigating some of its reactions, such as its conversion to 1--3-phenylurea upon treatment with aniline.
Substituted oxazolidinones
Evans auxiliaries
Oxazolidinones are useful as Evans auxiliaries, which are of interest for chiral synthesis. In a common implementation, an acid chloride substrate reacts with a chiral oxazolidinone to form an imide. Substituents at the 4 and 5 position of the oxazolidinone direct any aldol reaction to the alpha position of the carbonyl of the substrate. Asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions are also enabled by these auxiliaries.Pharmaceuticals
Oxazolidinones are found in some antimicrobials. Oxazolidinones inhibit protein synthesis by interfering with the binding of N-formylmethionyl-tRNA to the ribosome.Some of the most important oxazolidinones are antibiotics.
Examples of oxazolidinone-containing antibiotics:
- Linezolid, which is available for intravenous administration and also has the advantage of having excellent oral bioavailability.
- Posizolid, which appears to have excellent, targeted bactericidal activity against all common gram-positive bacteria, regardless of resistance to other classes of antibiotics.
- Tedizolid, which is approved for acute skin infections
- Radezolid has completed some phase-II clinical trials.
- Contezolid has reported phase 1 data and phase III data. In 2021, a new drug summary was published by ADIS Press. In June 2021, marketing approval was granted by the Chinese National Medical Products Administration for use of oral contezolid in moderate to severe complicated skin and skin structure infections. In June 2022, contezolid oral tablets and contezolid acefosamil IV began Phase 3 global clinical trials in moderate to severe diabetic foot infections. An additional global Phase 3 study is planned for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections for the combination of contezolid and contezolid acefosamil.
A first commercially available 1,3-oxazolidinone is the antibiotic linezolid.