1 Kings 16
1 Kings 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. 1 Kings 12:1-16:14 documents the consolidation of the kingdoms of northern Israel and Judah. This chapter focusses on the reigns of Baasha, Elah, Zimri, Omri and Ahab in the northern kingdom during the reign of Asa in the southern kingdom.
Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 34 verses.Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis, Aleppo Codex, and Codex Leningradensis.There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus and Codex Alexandrinus. A long addition is found in the Septuagint of Codex Vaticanus following 1 Kings 16:28.
End of reign of Baasha, the king of Israel (16:1–7)
Baasha was 'walking in the way of Jeroboam', left the bull cult of Bethel intact, although he had eliminated the Jeroboam dynasty, so a prophet, Jehu ben Hanani, confronted him and gave him a warning and a scolding very similar to that of Ahijah of Shiloh, resulting in parallels of fates befallen Baasha's and Jeroboam's dynasties.Elah, the king of Israel (16:8–14)
As happened with Jeroboam, the end of dynasty befell not during the reign of the founder of the dynasty, but of his son, very soon after his accession. Baasha's dynasty was eliminated on the second year of Elah, the son of Baasha, lasting no longer than Nadab, the son of Jeroboam. The assassin was Zimri a high-ranking officer, "commander of half the chariot troop". Zimri's butchery included not only Baasha's family but also family friends.Verse 8
- "26th year of Asa...reign...two years": in Thiele's chronology, Elah became king between September 886 and April 885 BCE and died between September 885 and April 884 BCE.
Zimri, the king of Israel (16:15–20)
Zimri was 'the most spectacularly unsuccessful king of all' rulers in Israel and Judah as his suicide ended his seven-day reign. While still in war with the Philistines, the Israel army resented the coup in its capital, and as a chariot officer, Zimri likely 'represented the urban, Canaanite elements of the state too strongly for the army to tolerate', because it was dominated by more Israelite, tribal forces.Verse 15
- "27th year of Asa": in Thiele's chronology, Zimri became king for 7 days until his death between September 885 and April 884 BCE.
Omri, the king of Israel (16:21–28)
The displeased army didn't recognize Zimri, as king, but instead, spontaneously hailed the army chief Omri as their leader to immediately marched and quickly seized the royal residence in Tirzah. Zimri set the citadel alight himself and died in the fire. Omri did not automatically become the sole ruler of Israel, because a certain Tibni was chosen as king by half of the people until his death four years later. Omri's name was not of Israelite, but might be of Arabian origin; perhaps he worked his way to be an army general and then a head of state because of his 'unusually charismatic personality'. He founded a dynasty in northern Israel with great significance to the political development of the country, as possibly becoming the only true state at that time. Archaeological studies have discovered a great amount of building from the period of this dynasty across the entire land: city walls and fortifications, administration centres etc., whereas non-biblical sources from Assyria, Aram, and Moab indicate 'reluctant respect' for the power and influence of Israel at the time of Omri's dynasty. By establishing a new capital city belonging to the crown, as David had done before him, Omri's kingdom achieved a stability. Samaria was geopolitically and strategically well situated and could be built without taking larger, existing structures into account. It was equipped with a generous acropolis, and created an opulent city in all respects, which served as the royal residence of the Israelites until the destruction of the state. However, the kingdom became further away from Yahweh, so the prophets were increasingly brought to the foreground, especially Elijah and Elisha, who, despite being always loyal to Yahweh, became 'necessary counterparts' to and sometimes advisors of the Israelite kings, while setting the standards of what is important and right in Israel.Verse 23
- "31th year of Asa...reign...12 years": in Thiele's chronology, Omri began to rule in a shared government of Israel with his rival, Tibni, between September 885 and April 884 BCE. Omri became sole ruler of Israel after the death of Tibni, which was between April and September 880 BCE, until his death between September 874 and April 873 BCE.
Verse 24
- "Two talents of silver": about ; a talent is about.
- "Samaria": Hebrew: שֹׁמְרֽוֹן.
Ahab, the king of Israel (16:29–34)
Ahab was considered as 'evil in the sight of the Lord more than all who were before him', especially as he married the Phoenician princess Jezebel, built a temple for Baal in Samaria, and erected a cult symbol for the goddess Asherah. These could be the signs of Phoenician influence, although Ahab's action 'must have been driven by the need to appease the religious influence of Israel's urban Canaanite population', because Bethel and Dan were mainly Israelite Yahweh-worshipping sites. Archaeological studies discovered the 9th-century establishment in Jericho. Two sons of Hiel, who was responsible for the construction of Jericho, died during the building of it, and this event was interpreted as an example of God's unambiguous word in form of Joshua's curse upon Jericho.Verse 29
- "38th year of Asa...reigned over Israel... 22 years": in Thiele's chronology, Ahab became king between September 874 and April 873 BCE and died between April and September 853 BCE. According to Thiele the Battle of Qarqar was fought in July/August 853 BCE as the annals of Shalmaneser III recorded his fighting at Qarqar in his sixth year and in his 18th year he received tribute from Jehu, so these 12 years accord exactly with Hebrew chronology and put the battle of Qarqar in Ahab's last year of reign and Jehu gave tribute to Shalmaneser in his first year.
Verse 34
- "In his days": that is, "during Ahab’s reign".