1914 in science

Astronomy and space exploration

• July 22 – Sinope, the outermost known moon of Jupiter, is discovered by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Lick Observatory.
• A 76 cm refracting telescope is built at Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the fifth largest refractor in the world.
• Robert Goddard begins building rockets.
• Walter Sydney Adams determines an incredibly high density for Sirius B.

Biology and medicine

• March 27 – Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants.
• August 1 – Swiss National Park established in the Engadin region of Switzerland.
• September 1 – Martha, the last known passenger pigeon, dies, in the Cincinnati Zoo.
• November 6 – Jacques Loeb publishes a paper on artificial parthenogenesis in sea urchins.
• November 26 – Karl von Frisch publishes his first significant paper on honey bee behavior, "Der Farbensinn und Formensinn der Biene".
• Julian Huxley publishes The Courtship Habits of the Great Crested Grebe, a key text in ethology.
• John Joly develops a method of extracting radium and applying it in radiotherapy.
• Edward Calvin Kendall isolates thyroxine.
• Morris Simmonds first reports hypopituitarism.
• Oxymorphone, a powerful narcotic analgesic closely related to morphine, is first developed in Germany.

Chemistry

• T. W. Richards finds variations between the atomic weight of lead from different mineral sources, attributable to variations in isotopic composition due to different radioactive origins.

Mathematics

• In analysis of the Riemann hypothesis
• * G. H. Hardy shows there are infinitely many zeros on the critical line. Harald Bohr and Edmund Landau show that for any positive ε, all but an infinitely small proportion of zeros lie within a distance ε of the critical line; and R. J. Backlund introduces a better method of checking the zeros.
• * J. E. Littlewood shows that the prime number theorem underestimates the cumulative total of primes.

Mineralogy

• Pascoite is first described.

Physics

• April 24 – James Franck and Gustav Hertz's experiment on electron collisions showing internal quantum levels of atoms is presented to the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.
• October 1 – Edgar Buckingham introduces use of the symbol "_i" for the dimensionless variables in what becomes known as the Buckingham π theorem, significant to dimensional analysis.
• Ernest Rutherford suggests that the positively charged atomic nucleus contains protons.

Technology

• February 3 – Willis Carrier patents an air conditioner in the United States.
• September 5 – British Royal Navy scout cruiser is sunk by German submarine U-21 in the Firth of Forth, the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine.
• November 3 – Polly Jacob patents a backless bra in the United States.
• Kodak introduce the Autographic system.

Other events

• October 23 – Manifesto of the Ninety-Three proclaimed in Germany.

Awards

• Nobel Prize
• * Physics – Max von Laue
• * Chemistry – Theodore William Richards
• * Medicine – Robert Bárány

Births

• February 5 – Alan Hodgkin, English physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• February 22 – Renato Dulbecco, Italian-born virologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• March 5 – He Zehui, Chinese nuclear physicist.
• March 8 – Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, Russian astrophysicist.
• March 25 – Norman Borlaug, American agronomist, humanitarian and Nobel laureate.
• April 7 – Heinz Billing, German physicist and computer scientist
• May 19 – Max Perutz, Austrian-born biologist.
• June 3 – Ignacio Ponseti, Menorcan-born pediatric orthopedist.
• June 4 – Alec Skempton, English pioneer of soil science and engineering historian.
• July 15 – Gavin Maxwell, Scottish naturalist.
• July 24 – Frances Oldham Kelsey, Canadian pharmacologist.
• August 13 – Grace Bates, American mathematician.
• September 5 – Nicanor Parra, Chilean poet and physicist.
• October 2 – Jack Parsons, American rocket engineer and occultist.
• October 6 – Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian ethnographer and explorer, leader of the Kon-Tiki expedition.
• October 14 – Raymond Davis Jr., American chemist and physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics
• October 21 – Martin Gardner, American writer on recreational mathematics.
• October 28
• * Jonas Salk, American medical researcher.
• * Richard Laurence Millington Synge, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate.
• December 15 – Anatole Abragam, French physicist
• December 20 – Mary Helen Wright Greuter, American historian of astronomy.
• December 21 – Frank Fenner, Australian virologist and microbiologist.
• December 31 – Mary Logan Reddick, African American neuroembryologist.

Deaths

• January 24 – Sir David Gill, Scottish astronomer.
• March 19 – Giuseppe Mercalli, Italian volcanologist.
• March 30 – John Henry Poynting, English physicist, discovered the Poynting–Robertson effect and developed the Poynting vector.
• April 16 – George William Hill, American astronomer.
• April 26 – Eduard Suess, German geologist and ecologist.
• May 15 – Ida Freund, Austrian-born British chemist and educator.
• May 27 – Joseph Swan, English physicist.
• September 13 – Robert Hope-Jones, English-born inventor of the theatre organ.
• November 5 – August Weismann, German evolutionary biologist.
• November 10 – Lydia Shackleton, Irish botanical artist.
• November 28 – Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, German physicist.
• December 24 – John Muir, Scottish American geologist and ecologist, founder of the Sierra Club.
• December 29 – Johannes Ludwig Janson, German veterinary scientist.