1912 in science

Archaeology

• December 6 – The Nefertiti Bust is found at Amarna in Egypt by the German Oriental Company, led by German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt.

Astronomy

• At the beginning of this year an extreme decadal variation in length of day produces mean solar days having a duration of 86400.00389 seconds of Terrestrial Time, the slowest rotation of Earth's crust ever to be recorded.

Biology

• July 23 – Horace Donisthorpe first discovers Anergates atratulus in the New Forest, England.
• Reginald Punnett is appointed as first Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics in the University of Cambridge, probably the oldest chair of genetics in the English-speaking world.

Chemistry

• Peter Debye derives the T-cubed law for the low temperature heat capacity of a nonmetallic solid.
• Casimir Funk introduces the concept of vitamins.
• J. J. Thomson finds the first evidence for multiple isotopes of a stable element as part of his exploration into the composition of canal rays.
• Fritz Klatte, a German chemist working for Griesheim-Elektron, discovers polyvinyl acetate and applies for a patent for preparing the monomer, vinyl acetate, by addition of acetic acid to acetylene using a mercuric chloride catalyst although it is not successfully commercialized at this time.
• Wilbur Scoville devises the Scoville scale for measuring the heat of peppers.
• December 24 – Merck files patent applications for synthesis of the entactogenic drug MDMA, developed by Anton Köllisch.

Earth sciences

• January – Alfred Wegener proposes a fully formulated theory of continental drift and gives the supercontinent Pangaea its name.
• June 6 – The Novarupta volcano on the Alaska Peninsula comes into being through a VEI 6 eruption, the largest this century.

Exploration

• January 17 – British polar explorer Robert Falcon Scott and a team of four reach the South Pole to find that Amundsen has beaten them to it. They will die on the return journey, just eleven miles from a polar base.
• March 7 – Roald Amundsen announces in Hobart that his expedition reached the South Pole on last December 14.

History of science

• November 20 – History of Medicine Society holds its first meeting, under the chairmanship of Sir William Osler, in London.
• Georgius Agricola's De re metallica is first published in an English translation, made by Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover, in London.
• Voynich manuscript discovered.

Mathematics

• Publication of the 2nd volume of Principia Mathematica by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, one of the most important and seminal works in mathematical logic and philosophy.
• Karl F. Sundman solves the n-body problem for n=3.
• Axel Thue discovers Pisot–Vijayaraghavan numbers.

Medicine

• Harvey Cushing identifies Cushing's disease, caused by a malfunction of the pituitary gland.
• Solomon Carter Fuller first names Alzheimer's disease.
• Hakaru Hashimoto first describes the symptoms of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Metallurgy

• Krupp engineers Benno Strauss and Eduard Maurer patent austenitic stainless steel and Elwood Haynes and Harry Brearley independently discover martensitic stainless steel alloys.

Meteorology

• April 5 – Milutin Milanković's , his first work in this field, is published in Belgrade.

Paleontology

• December 18 – Skull of "Piltdown Man" presented to the Geological Society of London as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown form of early human. It is revealed to be a hoax in 1953.

Physics

• November 11 – Lawrence Bragg presents his derivation of Bragg's law for the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice.
• Max von Laue suggests using crystal lattices to diffract X-rays.
• Walter Friedrich and Paul Knipping diffract X-rays in zinc blende.
• Victor Hess discovers that the ionization of air increases with altitude, indicating the existence of cosmic radiation.

Psychology

• Carl Jung publishes Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido, based on lectures delivered at Fordham University and precipitating a break with Sigmund Freud.
• Sabina Spielrein delivers her paper on "Destruction as the Cause of Coming Into Being" to the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.

Technology

• April 14–15 – Sinking of the Titanic: The ocean liner strikes an iceberg and sinks on her maiden voyage from the United Kingdom to the United States.
• The British Royal Navy introduces the director ship gun fire-control system using the Dreyer Table, a mechanical analogue computer.
• The Sperry Corporation develops the first gyroscopic autopilot for aviation use.
• The earth inductor compass is first patented by Donald M. Bliss.

Other events

• American ornithologist Robert Ridgway publishes Color Standards and Color Nomenclature.
• Conférence internationale de l'heure radiotélégraphique.
• First International Congress of Eugenics held in London with the support of Leonard Darwin, Winston Churchill, Auguste Forel, Alexander Graham Bell, Charles Davenport and other prominent scientists.

Awards

• Nobel Prize
• * Physics – Gustaf Dalén
• * Chemistry – Victor Grignard; Paul Sabatier
• * Medicine – Alexis Carrel

Births

• January 21 – Konrad Emil Bloch, German-born biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• January 27 – Francis Rogallo, American aeronautical engineer.
• January 30 – Werner Hartmann, German physicist.
• February 13 – Natan Yavlinsky, Russian nuclear physicist.
• February 25 – Preben von Magnus, Danish virologist.
• March 1 – Boris Chertok, Russian rocket designer.
• March 19 – Bill Frankland, English immunologist.
• March 23 – Wernher von Braun, German-born physicist and engineer.
• April 19 – Glenn T. Seaborg, American physical chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• May 22 – Herbert C. Brown, English-born chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• May 28 – Ruby Payne-Scott, Australian radioastronomer.
• May 30 – Julius Axelrod, American biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• May 31 – Chien-Shiung Wu, Chinese-American nuclear physicist, winner of the Wolf Prize in Physics.
• June 23 – Alan Turing, English computer scientist.
• June 30 – Ludwig Bölkow, German aeronautical engineer.
• August 11 – Norman Levinson, American mathematician.
• August 13 – Salvador Luria, Italian-born biologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• August 30 – Edward Mills Purcell, American physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
• September 7 – David Packard, American electronics engineer.
• September 22 – Herbert Mataré, German physicist.
• October 1 – Kathleen Ollerenshaw, English mathematician.
• November 14 – Tung-Yen Lin, Chinese-born civil engineer.
• November 19 – George Emil Palade, Romanian-born microbiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• November 22 – Paul Zamecnik, American scientist playing a central role in the early history of molecular biology.

Deaths

• February 10 – Joseph Lister, English inventor of antiseptic.
• February 12 – Osborne Reynolds, British physicist.
• March 19 – Thomas Harrison Montgomery Jr., American zoologist and cell biologist.
• March 28 – Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, French chemist.
• March 29
• * Robert Falcon Scott, English Antarctic explorer.
• * Edward Wilson, English physician and naturalist.
• April 18 – Martha Ripley, American physician.
• May 4 – Nettie Stevens, American geneticist.
• May 30 – Wilbur Wright, American aviation pioneer.
• July 17 – Henri Poincaré, French mathematician.
• August 7 – François-Alphonse Forel, Swiss pioneer of limnology.
• November 23 – Charles Bourseul, French telegraph engineer.
• December 17 – Spiru Haret, Romanian mathematician, astronomer and politician.
• December 21 – Paul Gordan, German Jewish mathematician, "the king of invariant theory".