Ethnic and religious composition of Austria-Hungary
The ethno-linguistic composition of Austria-Hungary according to the census of 31 December 1910 was as follows:
Population
Largest cities
Data: census in 1910| Rank | Current English name | Contemporary official name | Other | Present-day country | Population in 1910 | Present-day population |
| 1. | Vienna | Wien | Bécs, Beč, Dunaj | Austria | 2,031,498 | 1,840,573 |
| 2. | Prague | Prag, Praha | Prága | Czech Republic | 668,000 | 1,301,132 |
| 3. | Trieste | Triest | Trieszt, Trst | Italy | 229,510 | 204,420 |
| 4. | Lviv | Lemberg, Lwów | Ilyvó, Львів, Lvov, Львов | Ukraine | 206,113 | 728,545 |
| 5. | Cracow | Krakau, Kraków | Krakkó, Krakov | Poland | 151,886 | 762,508 |
| 6. | Graz | Grác, Gradec | Austria | 151,781 | 328,276 | |
| 7. | Brno | Brünn, Brno | Berén, Börön, Börénvásár | Czech Republic | 125,737 | 377,028 |
| 8. | Chernivtsi | Czernowitz | Csernyivci, Cernăuți, Чернівці | Ukraine | 87,128 | 242,300 |
| 9. | Plzeň | Pilsen, Plzeň | Pilzen | Czech Republic | 80,343 | 169,858 |
| 10. | Linz | Linec | Austria | 67,817 | 200,841 |
| Rank | Current English name | Contemporary official name | Other | Present-day country | Population in 1910 | Present-day population |
| 1. | Budapest | Budimpešta | Hungary | 1,232,026 | 1,735,711 | |
| 2. | Szeged | Szegedin, Segedin | Hungary | 118,328 | 170,285 | |
| 3. | Subotica | Szabadka | Суботица | Serbia | 94,610 | 105,681 |
| 4. | Debrecen | Hungary | 92,729 | 208,016 | ||
| 5. | Zagreb | Zágráb, Agram | Croatia | 79,038 | 803,000 | |
| 6. | Bratislava | Pozsony | Pressburg, Prešporok | Slovakia | 78,223 | 425,167 |
| 7. | Timișoara | Temesvár | Temeswar | Romania | 72,555 | 319,279 |
| 8. | Kecskemét | Hungary | 66,834 | 111,411 | ||
| 9. | Oradea | Nagyvárad | Großwardein | Romania | 64,169 | 196,367 |
| 10. | Arad | Arad | Romania | 63,166 | 159,074 | |
| 11. | Hódmezővásárhely | Hungary | 62,445 | 46,047 | ||
| 12. | Cluj-Napoca | Kolozsvár | Klausenburg | Romania | 60,808 | 324,576 |
| 13. | Újpest | Hungary | 55,197 | 100,694 | ||
| 14. | Miskolc | Hungary | 51,459 | 157,177 | ||
| 15. | Pécs | Hungary | 49,852 | 145,347 |
Languages
In the Austrian Empire, the census of 1911 recorded Umgangssprache, everyday language. Jews and those using German in offices often stated German as their Umgangssprache, even when having a different Muttersprache. The Istro-Romanians were counted as Romanians.In the Kingdom of Hungary, the 1910 census was based on mother tongue. According to the census, 54.4% of the inhabitants of Hungary were recorded to speak Hungarian as their native language. This number included the Jewish ethnic group who were overwhelmingly Hungarian-speaking.
Transleithanian lands (Kingdom of Hungary)
Historical regions
| Region | Mother Tongues | Hungarian language | Other languages |
| Transylvania | Romanian – 2,819,467 | 1,658,045 | German – 550,964 |
| Upper Hungary | Slovak – 1,688,413 | 881,320 | German – 198,405 |
| Délvidék | Serbo-Croatian – 601,770 | 425,672 | German – 324,017 Romanian – 75,318 Slovak – 56,690 |
| Transcarpathia | Ruthenian – 330,010 | 185,433 | German – 64,257 |
| Fiume | Italian – 24,212 | 6,493 | Serbo-Croatian – 13,351 Slovene - 2,336 German - 2,315 |
| Őrvidék | German – 217,072 | 26,225 | Croatian – 43,633 |
| Muravidék | Slovene – 74,199 – in 1921 | 14,065 – in 1921 | German – 2,540 – in 1921 |
The Germans in Croatia were mainly living in the eastern parts of the country where they had been settled along the Drava and Danube rivers, and the former Military Frontier, after the Habsburg conquest of the area from the Ottomans in 1687.
Subgroups
The ethnic groups of the Austro-Hungarian empire subdivided according to their own sub-ethnic groups and regions they inhabited:Germans
The ethnic germans of the Austro-Hungarian empire spoked a variety of dialects, which the following were spoken in the empire:- Central Bavarian - in Lower and Upper Austria, Styria, Hungary, Northern Carinthia, Moravia, Salzburg, Bohemia, Carniola, [Kingdom of Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia], Transylvania, Trieste, Bukovina, Voivodina and Banat, Croatia-Slavonia and Gorizia.
- Southern Bavarian - in North and South Tyrol, Mochèni and Luserna.
- Alemmanic - in Banat, Hungary, Vorarlberg, Galicia and Transylvania.
- Franconian - Northwestern Bohemia, Hungary, Galicia, Voivodina and Banat, and Bukovina.
- Upper Saxon - in the Erzgebirge in Bohemia, Hungary, Bukovina and Galicia.
- Sudeten - Bohemia in the Giant Mountains, Moravia in Schönhengstgau and, Silesia, Hungary and Galicia in the frontier with Silesia and the Carpathians.
- Low German - by the Transylvanian Saxons, Zipser Saxons and in Galicia.
Czechs
The Czechs inhabited the three traditional Czech lands of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, which had their own traditional ethnographical Czech groups. Further sub-ethnic groups of the Moravians included the Horáci, the Hanáki and the Moravian Wallachians.Lower Austria was home to a significant Czech population; especially in the capital, Vienna. There was also significant Czech settlements in Galicia and Slavonia.
Slovaks
The inhabitants of the Moravian Slovakia region were considered in the 19th century as linguistically, speakers of the Czech language, but ethnically belonging to the Slovak ethnicity.There were Slovak diaspora communnities in Austria, Hungary proper, Voivodina, Slavonia, Banat and Crișana.