1814 in science

Chemistry

• J. Jacob Berzelius publishes Försök att genom användandet af den electrokemiska theorien och de kemiska proportionerna grundlägga ett rent vettenskapligt system för mineralogien.
• The copper acetate triarsenite pigment later known as Paris green is produced by paint manufacturers Wilhelm Sattler and Friedrich Russ, in Schweinfurt, Germany, for the Wilhelm Dye and White Lead Company.

Mathematics

• Peter Barlow publishes and . 'Barlow's Tables' continue to be reprinted for 150 years.

Meteorology

• August – William Charles Wells publishes the first correct scientific explanation of dew.

Medicine

• April – Abraham Colles publishes "On the Fracture of the Carpal Extremity of the Radius" in the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, describing the injury which continues to be known as Colles' fracture.
• October 23 – Joseph Carpue performs plastic surgery on the nose.

Physics

• 'Laplace's demon', an articulation of causal determinism, is published by Pierre-Simon Laplace.
• Joseph von Fraunhofer discovers the dark absorption lines in the spectrum of the sun now known as Fraunhofer lines.

Technology

• July 25 – George Stephenson puts his first steam locomotive in service, the Blücher for Killingworth Colliery on Tyneside in England.
• Late – Completion of the Boston Manufacturing Company's integrated cotton weaving mill on the Charles River at Waltham, Massachusetts, engineered by Paul Moody for Francis Cabot Lowell and 'The Boston Associates', and inaugurating the Waltham-Lowell system of manufacturing.
• "The world's first complex machine mass-produced from interchangeable parts", Eli Terry's wooden pillar-and-scroll clock, comes off the production line in Plymouth, Connecticut.
• James Fox invents a modern planing machine in England at about this date, but the priority between Fox, Matthew Murray of Leeds and Richard Roberts of Manchester cannot be certainly established.
• Heinrich Stölzel invents a form of piston valve for brass instruments.
• Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel invents a form of metronome in Amsterdam.

Awards

• Copley Medal: James Ivory

Births

• February 28 – Edmond Frémy, French chemist.
• April 20 – Filippo de Filippi, Italian zoologist.
• May 19 – Henry William Ravenel, American botanist.
• May 22 – Joseph-Louis Lambot, French inventor of ferrocement.
• May 26
• * Wilhelm Engerth, Austrian architect and engineer.
• * Heinrich Geißler, German scientific instrument maker.
• July 19 – Samuel Colt, American gunmaker.
• September 3 – James Joseph Sylvester, English mathematician.
• November 6 – Adolphe Sax, Belgian musical instrument maker and inventor.
• December 9 – Golding Bird, English physician
• December 13 – Ana Néri, Brazilian nurse.
• December 28 – John Bennet Lawes, English agricultural scientist.

Deaths

• July 19 – Captain Matthew Flinders, English explorer of the coasts of Australia
• August 21 – Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, Anglo-American physicist.
• November 18 – William Jessop, English civil engineer.
• December 9 – Joseph Bramah, English inventor.