1094
Year 1094 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Spring - Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force under General Tatikios to Nicaea, in an attempt to re-capture the city from the Seljuk Turks. However, the arrival of Barkiyaruq's army en route stops the Byzantines. Alexios sends reinforcements; short of supplies, the Seljuk Turks retreat. Abu'l-Qasim, Seljuk governor of Nicaea, is defeated and forced to conclude a truce with Alexios.
Europe
- May - El Cid completes his conquest of Valencia in Al-Andalus and begins his rule there. The Almoravid campaign to regain the city fails.
- May–June - Duncan, son of the late King Malcolm III of Scotland, gathers a substantial army, chiefly Anglo-Normans from England, and challenges his uncle Donald III for the Kingdom of Scotland. Duncan is crowned king at Scone.
- July 28 - William Bertrand dies, and his margravial title of Provence is inherited by Raymond IV, who becomes count of Toulouse.
- November 12 - Donald III mobilizes his army and kills Duncan II in battle in the Scottish Lowlands, re-taking the Scottish throne.
Fatimid Egypt
- After the death of Caliph al-Mustansir Billah, his son-in-law and vizier Al-Afdal declares al-Musta'li, a younger son of al-Mustansir, in a coup d'état as new Caliph. Al-Mustansir's designated heir, Nizar, flees to Alexandria.
Eastern Islamic world
- February 3 - Caliph of Baghdad al-Muqtadi dies and is succeeded by his nominated heir Ahmad.
- October - Seljuk sultan Mahmud I dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Barkiyaruq as ruler of the Seljuk Empire.
By topic
Religion
- May 15 - The Cathedral of St. Agatha in Catania is consecrated by the Breton abbot Ansger.
- October 8 - Doge Vitale Faliero consecrates the new Basilica of San Marco in Venice.
- King Ladislaus I of Hungary founds a diocese in Zagreb.
- Al-Musta'li becomes the nineteenth imam of Musta'li Ismailism
Births
- January 14 - Eudokia Komnene, Byzantine princess
- Abd al-Mu'min, Almohad caliph
- Ibn Zuhr, Moorish physician
- Malachy, Irish archbishop and saint
- Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester
- Yelü Dashi, founder of the Qara Khitai
Deaths
- January 10 - Al-Mustansir Billah, Fatimid caliph
- February 3
- * Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid caliph
- * Teishi, Japanese empress
- June 2 - Nicholas the Pilgrim, Italian shepherd
- June 4 - Sancho V, king of Aragon and Pamplona
- July 28 - William Bertrand, margrave of Provence
- October 14
- * Bertha of Holland, French queen consort
- * Fujiwara no Nobunaga, Japanese nobleman
- October - Mahmud I, sultan of the Seljuk Empire
- November 12 - Duncan II, king of Scotland
- Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau, Buyid nobleman
- Al-Bakri, Moorish historian and geographer
- Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, Seljuk sultan of Aleppo
- Badr al-Jamali, Fatimid vizier and statesman
- Isaac Albalia, Andalusian Jewish astronomer
- Jonathan I, Italo-Norman count of Carinola
- Michael of Avranches, Italian bishop
- Roger de Beaumont, Norman nobleman
- Roger de Montgomery, Norman nobleman
- Terken Khatun, Seljuk empress and regent
- William Fitzeustace, 1st Earl of Gloucester, Norman nobleman
- Wulfnoth Godwinson, English nobleman