Wireless data


Wireless data refers to transmitting information—voice, video, sensors, apps—without physical cables, using electromagnetic waves like radio, microwave, or infrared waves.

Technologies and networks

Wi‑Fi (Wireless LAN)

  • Connects devices via access points using IEEE 802.11 standards.
  • Latest versions include Wi‑Fi 6/6E offering higher throughput and efficiency

    Cellular (3G/4G/5G/5G‑Advanced)

  • 3G/4G support broad data access.
  • 5G launched globally since 2019; offers up to 10 Gbps speeds, extremely low latency, and supports massive IoT
  • 5G‑Advanced introduces AI integration, edge compute, better slicing, non-terrestrial networks, aiming for full deployment by end of 2025.

    Wireless PAN and others

  • Bluetooth, Zigbee, UWB for short-range, low-energy data transfer
  • Satellite and Wide Area IoT networks allow remote connectivity

    Niche and emerging

  • IEEE 802.22 uses TV bands for rural broadband with AES-GCM encryption
  • Free-Space Optical Infrared beams achieved 5.7 Tbps over 4.6 km—no RF needed
  • 6G envisions terahertz bands, AI-native networks, quantum comms, holographic beamforming

    Security and protocols

Wi‑Fi encryption

There are four main methods of Wi-Fi Encryption:
  • WEP: outdated and insecure.
  • WPA & WPA2: added TKIP and AES/CCMP, respectively
  • WPA3: modern standard since 2018 with SAE, enhanced open, 192-bit enterprise, and protection of management frames

    Trends in wireless security

The trend in wireless security is to move toward WPA3, Wi‑Fi 6E enhancements, private 5G/LTE, UEM, AI/ML analytics, edge protection, and stronger identity access management.

Architecture and standards

OSI layers

Wireless networks conform to the OSI model, each layer bringing unique threats and protections.

Protocol stacks

is the early mobile web stack designed for feature phones and constrained networks.

Applications and use cases