Venedic language


Venedic is a naturalistic constructed language, created by the Dutch translator Jan van Steenbergen. It is used in the fictional Republic of the Two Crowns, based on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the alternate timeline of Ill Bethisad. Officially, Venedic is a descendant of Vulgar Latin with a strong Slavic admixture, based on the premise that the Roman Empire incorporated the ancestors of the Poles in their territory. Less officially, it tries to show what Polish would have looked like if it had been a Romance instead of a Slavic language. On the Internet, it is well-recognized as an example of the altlang genre, much like Brithenig and Breathanach.
The idea for the language was inspired by such languages as Brithenig and Breathanach, languages that bear a similar relationship to the Celtic languages as Venedic does to Polish. The language itself is based entirely on Latin and Polish: all phonological, morphological, and syntactic changes that made Polish develop from Common Slavic are applied to Vulgar Latin. As a result, vocabulary and morphology are predominantly Romance in nature, whereas phonology, orthography and syntax are essentially the same as in Polish. Venedic uses the modern standard Polish orthography, including for and for.
Venedic plays a role in the alternate history of Ill Bethisad, where it is one of the official languages of the . In 2005 Venedic underwent a major revision due to a better understanding of Latin and Slavic sound and grammar changes. In the process, the author was assisted by the Polish linguist Grzegorz Jagodziński.
The dictionary on the WWW page linked below contains over 4000 entries.
The language has acquired some media attention in Poland, including several online news articles and an article in the monthly .

Spelling and pronunciation

Venedic uses the Polish alphabet, which consists of the following 32 letters :
Also, there are seven digraphs, representing five phonemes :
Pronunciation is exactly as in Polish. Stress almost always falls on the penultimate syllable. A preposition and a pronoun are generally treated as one word, and therefore, when the pronoun has only one syllable, the preposition is stressed.

Nominals

Venedic does not have articles. This is a feature that distinguishes Venedic from all natural Romance languages. The reason for this is that Vulgar Latin showed only a rudimentary tendency toward the formation of articles, and they are absent in Polish and most other Slavic languages.
Nouns, pronouns and adjectives can have three genders, two numbers, and three cases:
  • the direct case: used for both the subject and the direct object of a sentence. In the sentence: Miej poterz leże libier "My father reads a book", Miej poterz "my father" and libier "a book" are both in the direct case.
  • the genitive case: used to indicate possession, for example: siedź potrze "my father's chair", rzejna Anglie "the queen of England".
  • the dative case: used to indicate the indirect object of a sentence, for example: Da mi ił libier "Give me that book", Da mi łu "Give it to me".
Venedic also has a vocative case. In most cases it has the same form as the direct case, but there are exceptions: O potrze! "Oh father!" In earlier version of Venedic, it used to have nominative and accusative cases, but later merged to form the direct case.
Nouns can be subdivided into four declensions. They are similar to the declension system in Latin:
  • The first declension are all words on -a, the vast majority of which are feminine;
  • the second declension are mostly masculine and neuter words ending with a consonant. It is a mixture of the second and fourth declension in Latin;
  • the third declension are mostly feminine words ending with a soft consonant;
  • the fourth declension are words on -ej, it matches the Latin fifth declension. However, the author treated the nouns with the 4th declension ending as irregular, see also the sections below.

    Declension endings

Hard and soft in this context are suffixes that are decided by final consonants, either hard or soft. Endings in -ia-, -ie-, and -i- are always affected by regular changes below:
SingularPlural
Directmoszkieł
moszkli
Genitivemoszkłu
moszkłór
Dativemoszkli
moszklew

Irregular nouns

There are a number of irregular nouns. Not just completely irregular nouns on the table below, some nouns have less predictable oblique stems, as in above moszkieł, gen. moszklu. However, nouns with the last vowel ó regularly shorten to o.

Adjectives

s always agree in gender, number and case with the noun they modify. They can be placed both before and after it. Unlike nouns, the adjective declension are always consistent and there is no distinctions in declension classes.

Further derivatives of adjectives

The comparatives and superlatives are formed by the suffixes -ierzy and -ieśmy, respectively, to the adjective's stem. However, the adjectives below have irregular comparative and superlative forms:
  • bony "good", mielerzy, oćmy
  • mały "bad", piejerzy, pieśmy
  • grędzy "big", mojerzy, mośmy
  • łonięcy "far", łonierzy, łonieśmy
  • pieskły "small", mnierzy, mnieśmy
  • wiekły "old", wieszczerzy, wieszcześmy
  • jałty "high", sprzerzy, sprześmy
  • mołt "many/much", pły "more", płerześmy "most"
Adverbial forms are either done by removing the -y/''-i from the root or adding the suffix -mięć into the root. There are no rules which forms are preferred, but the latter usually expresses how something is done.
For the longer form, -amięć is used after hard consonants while -iemięć used after soft consonants. Adjectives in -ły use the suffix -lemięć, except for the adjectives biały, mały, miły, siegły which are always suffixed with the former. The adjective bony "good" has an irregular adverbial derivation: bień. The comparatives and superlatives can also have adverbial forms, by substituting -ierzy and -ieśmy with -iu and -ieśmie. Verbal participles always remove their last vowels.
The predicative forms are the same as masculine and neuter direct singular forms, except that sometimes the suffix -y/-i'' is removed, but this predicative forming is somewhat archaic and the resulting forms should not be confused with adverbs.

Pronouns

Unlike nouns, adjectives and other pronouns, personal pronouns do not use the direct case, but preserve the distinction between the nominative and accusative instead. They are displayed in the following chart:

Verbs

s are inflected for person, number, mood and tense. Because Latin and Proto-Slavonic had virtually identical person/number inflections, Venedic and Polish do also.
Venedic verbs have the following moods and tenses:

Regular verbs

Word list

Venedic vocabulary as published on the internet consists of over 4000 words. Because of how it was developed from Vulgar Latin, Venedic words are closest to Italian, but with phonologic differences from Italian which may be compared to those distinguishing Portuguese from Spanish. The following charts of 30 shows what Venedic looks like in comparison to a number of other Romance languages; note that unlike Brithenig, where one-quarter of the words resembled Welsh words, only four Venedic words resemble Polish words, due to the Slavic languages' greater distance from the Romance languages compared to the Celtic languages:
TermLatinItalianWenedykRomanianPolish
armbrachiumbracciobroczbraţramię
blacknĭger, nĭgrumneroniegrynegruczarny
city, towncīvĭtās, cīvĭtātemcittàczytaćoraş, miasto
deathmŏrs, mŏrtemmortemroćmoarteśmierć
dogcaniscanekańcâinepies
earauris, aurĭcŭlaorecchiourzykłaurecheucho
eggovumuovoówoujajko
eyeŏcŭlusocchiookiełochioko
fatherpater, patrempadrepoterztatăojciec
fireignis, fŏcusfuocofokfocogień
fishpĭscispescepieszczpeşteryba
footpĕs, pĕdempiedepiedźpicior, stopa
friendamīcusamicoomikprieten, amicprzyjaciel
greenvĭrĭdisverdewierdziverdezielony
horseĕquus, cabălluscavallokawałcalkoń
Iĕgoiojoeuja
islandīnsŭlaisolaizłainsulăwyspa
language,
tongue		lĭngualingualęgwalimbăjęzyk
lifevītavitawitaviaţă, życie
milklac, lactislattełoclaptemleko
namenōmennomenumięnumeimię
nightnŏx, nŏctisnottenocnoaptenoc
oldvĕtus, vetulusvecchiowiekłyvechistary
schoolschŏlascuolaszkołaşcoalăszkoła
skycaelumcieloczałcerniebo
starstēllastellaściołasteagwiazda
toothdĕns, dĕntemdentedzięćdinteząb
voicevōx, vōcemvocewuczvoce, , glasgłos
wateraquaacquajekwaapăwoda
windvĕntusventowiętvântwiatr

TermPortugueseSpanishCatalanOccitanFrenchRomanshWenedykBrithenig
armbraçobrazobraçbraçbrasbratschbroczbreich
blacknegronegronegrenegrenoirnairniegrynîr
city, towncidadeciudadciutatciutatcitécitadczytaćciwdad
deathmortemuertemortmòrtmortmortmroćmorth
dogcãoperrogosgos, canchienchaunkańcan
earorelhaorejaorellaaurelhaoreilleuregliaurzykłaorigl
eggovohuevoouuòuœufovówew
eyeolhoojoulluèlhœileglokiełogl
fatherpaipadreparepairepèrebabpoterzpadr
firefogofuegofocfuòcfeufieufokffog
fishpeixepezpeixpeispoissonpeschpieszczpisc
footpépiepeupèpiedpepiedźpedd
friendamigoamigoamicamicamiamiomikefig
greenverdeverdeverdverdvertverdwierdzigwirdd
horsecavalocaballocavallcavalchevalchavalkawałcafall
Ieuyojoieujejaujoeo
islandilhaislaillaillaîleinslaizłaysl
language, tonguelíngualenguallengualengalanguelinguatg,
lieunga		lęgwallinghedig,
llingw
lifevidavidavidavidavievitawitagwid
milkleitelechelletlachlaitlatgłocllaeth
namenomenombrenomnomnomnumnumięnôn
nightnoitenochenitnuèchnuitnotgnocnoeth
oldvelhoviejovièlhvieuxveglwiekłygwegl
schoolescolaescuelaescolaescòlaécolescolaszkołayscol
skycéucielocelcèlcieltschielczałcel
starestrelaestrellaestrellaestelaétoilestailaściołaystuil
toothdentedientedentdentdentdentdzięćdent
voicevozvozveuvotzvoixvuschwuczgwg
wateráguaaguaaiguaaigaeauauajekwaag
windventovientoventventventventwiętgwent