Tripundra
Tripundra is a Hindu Shaivite tilaka, worn by Shaivas as an indication of their affiliation with Shiva. It is also one of the tilakas worn by Smarta Hindus. It consists of three horizontal lines on the forehead, usually made with sacred ash, and has spiritual meanings in the Shaivite traditions of Hinduism. The Vaishnava counterpart of this tilaka, consisting of vertical lines, is called the Urdhva Pundra.
History
The practice is discussed in Hindu texts such as Bhasmajabala Upanishad, Brihajjabala Upanishad and Kalagni Rudra Upanishad. The allegorical significance of the "three ash lines", states Deussen, is that the tradition sees them as streaks of three Vedic fires, three audible syllables of AUM, three Guṇas, three worlds, three Atmans, trayi Vedas, and three aspects of Shiva.Usage and significance
The Tripuṇḍra, three horizontal lines, on the forehead as well as other body parts are symbols during rites of passages, and for some a daily practice. These lines, states Antonio Rigopoulos, represent Shiva’s threefold power of will, knowledge, and action. The Tripuṇḍra described in this and other Shaiva texts also symbolizes Shiva’s trident and the divine triad of Brahmā, Vishnu, and Shiva.Tripundra, to those who apply it, is a reminder of the spiritual aims of life, the truth that body and material things shall someday become ash, and that mukti is a worthy goal. Tri means three, pundra means one which is released. There are three horizontal lines of vibhuti on the brow, often with a dot as the third eye. Holy ash, remains from yagya or sacrificial fire-wood is a reminder of the temporary nature of the physical body and the importance of spiritual attainment and closeness to Shiva. Chapter 2 of Kalagni Rudra Upanishad explains the three lines as various triads: sacred fires, syllables of Om, gunas, worlds, types of atman, powers, Vedas, the time of extraction of the Vedic drink Soma, and Mahesvara.
- The first line is equated to Garhapatya, the A syllable of Om, the Rajas guna, the earth, the external Atman, Kriyā - the power of action, the Rigveda, the morning extraction of Soma, and Maheshvara.
- The second streak of ash is a reminder of Dakshinagni, the sound U of Om, Sattva guna, the atmosphere, the inner Atman, Iccha - the power of will, the Yajurveda, midday Soma extraction, and Sadasiva.
- The third streak is the Ahavaniya, the M syllable in Om, the Tamas guna, Svarga - heaven, the Paramatman - the highest Atman, the power of perception, the Samaveda, Soma extraction at dusk, and Shiva.