Timeline of the Palestine region

Mesozoic/Cenozoic geological eras

Palaeolithic

Epipalaeolithic

• c. 9000 BCE – Natufian hunter-gatherer groups form a permanent settlement that would come to be known as Jericho.

Neolithic

• Pre-Pottery Neolithic
• *Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
• *Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
• *Pre-Pottery Neolithic C
• Pottery Neolithic

Chalcolithic (Copper Age)

Bronze Age; Canaanite city-states

Early Bronze Age

• 34th century BCE – Taur Ikhbeineh was inhabited
• c. 3300 BCE – The Egyptian city of Tell es-Sakan was established. It is the earliest fortified Egyptian settlement identified through archaeological excavation.
• c. 3000 BCE – Tell es-Sakan was abandoned.
• c. 2600 BCE – Tell es-Sakan was reinhabited by the Canaanites.
• c. 2250 BCE – The Canaanite settlement of Tell es-Sakan was abandoned.

Intermediate Bronze Age

Middle Bronze Age

Late Bronze Age

Iron Age; Israelite kingdoms and Philistine pentapolis

Iron Age I

Iron Age II

Babylonian and Persian periods

Hellenistic period and the Kingdom of Hasmonean Judea

• * Seleucus IV dies and is succeeded by Antiochus, son of Seleucus IV.
• * Antiochus IV Epiphanes becomes the Seleucid emperor.174 BCE – Antiochus appoints Jason as high priest of the Jerusalem Temple.172 BCE – Antiochus replaces Jason with Menelaus as high priest of the Jerusalem Temple as the latter offers to pay a much bigger tribute.Late 170 BCE/early 169 BCE – Antiochus invades Egypt but decides to return. Perhaps because of disturbances in Palestine. His return is triumphant and he brings many spoils.169 BCE, autumn – On his way back from Egypt, Antiochus raids the Jerusalem Temple and confiscates its treasures.168 BCE, spring – Antiochus invades Egypt but the Romans force him to withdraw. Meanwhile, rumors spread in Judea that the king has died and Jason launches a surprise attack on Jerusalem, captures the city, and kills supporters of his rival Menelaus. Antiochus interprets Jason's attack as a rebellion and sends an army that retakes Jerusalem and drives Jason's followers away.167 BCE, autumn – Antiochus IV Epiphanes outlaws Judaism in Judea and allows pagan worship at the Jerusalem temple.165 BCE, spring – Antiochus campaigns against the Parthians.164 BCE:
• * spring – Antiochus issues a letter repealing the ban on Judaism and promising amnesty for the insurgents who return before March 164. The provincial land-tax from 167 BCE is abolished. The Maccabees does not take up the Seleucids offer and the insurgency continues.
• * summer – The Maccabees carries out a number of punitive expeditions, likely led by Judas, against people who had participated in the persecution against Jews.
• * autumn/winter – Judas enters Jerusalem and the altar to Zeus and other pagan artifacts are removed from the Temple. Meanwhile, Antiochus dies in Persis, igniting a century-long war of succession in Antioch, the capital of the Seleucid empire.161 BCE – Judas Maccabeus is killed in battle and his army is routed.152 BCE – Jonathan Apphus is appointed high priest of the Jerusalem temple by the Seleucids.c. 145 BCE – The Seleucid ruler Demetrius II Nicator lets Judea annex the three southern Samarian districts Lydda, Aphairema, and Ramathaim. 135/4 BCE – John Hyrcanus becomes Hasmonean king.129 BCE – The Seleucid emperor Antiochus VII Sidetes dies.c. 112–107 BCE – The Hasmoneans destroy the Samaritan temple at Mount Gerizim and devastates Shechem. c. 108/7 BCE – The Hasmoneans destroy Scythopolis.104 BCE – Aristobulus I succeeds Hyrcanus as king of Judea.103 BCE – Alexander Jannaeus succeeds Aristobulus. He greatly extends the Hasmonean kingdom, concentrating on Greek cities along the Palestinian coast.76 BCE – Hyrcanus II succeeds Alexander Jannaeus. 67 BCE:
• * Salome Alexandra dies and her son Hyrcanus II becomes king of Judea.
• * A war of succession leads to a civil war among the Hasmoneans in Judea.

Classical/Polytheistic Roman period

• * Herod the Great is appointed governor of Galilee.
• * Herod clears out Hezekiah's "brigands," who had been harassing people in southern Syria.40 BCE:
• * The Parthians invade Judea, seize Jerusalem, and appoint Antigonus II Mattathias King of Judea.
• * Herod visits Rome to seek Mark Antony's support. He is appointed king by the Roman senate.37 BCE – Herod the Great conquers Judea with the help of Roman and Jewish troops. Antigonus II Mattathias, who had barricaded himself in the city, is beheaded by Mark Antony.31 BCE – 31 BC Judea earthquake. A powerful earthquake occurs in Judea.27 BCE – King Herod rebuilds Samaria and renames it Sebastia.23 BCE – King Herod builds a palace and fortress called Herodium, about south of Jerusalem.22 BCE – Herod begins construction of a new city and harbor called Caesarea Maritima at the old settlement Straton's Tower.20 BCE:
• * Herod is awarded large swathes of northern territory by emperor Augustus to add to his kingdom.
• * Citizens of Gadara appeal to Augustus to be excluded from Herod's kingdom.19 BCE – King Herod the Great further extends the Temple Mount's natural plateau and rebuilds the temple.c. 10 BCE – Caesarea is completed.7 BCE - Herod has his two sons, Alexander and Aristobulus, executed.7–2 BCE – Birth of Jesus.4 BCE – Herod dies and a wave of unrest sweeps Palestine.6 CE:
• * Leading Jews and Samaritans ask Augustus to remove Herod Archelaus from the throne. He obliges and Archelaus is deposed and exiled. His territory, consisting of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, is organized into the Roman district Iudaea.
• * First Roman census of Judea.c. 20 – Tiberias in Galilee is founded by Herod Antipas, one of Herod the Great's successors.26–33 – Jesus is crucified.37 – Herod Philip dies.39 – Antipas is removed from his post and banished to Gaul. Herod Agrippa I receives his territories.41 – Agrippa I becomes king of parts of the Herodian kingdom which, in 6 CE, had been divided by Herod's sons.44 – Herod Agrippa I dies. Judea comes under direct Roman administration.62–64 – Completion of the rebuilding of the Jerusalem Temple begun by Herod.66–70 – First Jewish revolt:
• * 66 – The revolt breaks out in the summer.
• * 67 – Roman legions invade Palestine.
• * 69 – Vespasian is declared emperor and leaves for Rome. His older son, Titus, takes command of the Roman legions in Palestine.
• * 70 – The Romans capture Jerusalem and destroy the Second Temple.
• * 73/4 – The Romans capture Masada, the last rebel holdout.70/1 – Provincia Iudaea is established.2nd century – The latest known burials at the Ard-al-Moharbeen necropolis were created.106 – The Romans annex Nabataea, reorganizing it as the province of Arabia.120 – First imperial road built through Galilee.129/130 – The Roman emperor Hadrian visits Syria, Palestine, and Arabia, and founds the Roman colony Aelia Capitolina at Jerusalem. Presumably, the outbreak of the Bar Kokhba revolt is directly linked to this event. 132–135 – Bar Kokhba revolt:195 – The bishops of Caesarea and Jerusalem, Theophilus and Narcissus, preside over a council in Caesarea to settle a growing dispute over the proper date of the celebration of Easter.222 – Caesarea becomes the metropolitan see for Palestine.270 – Zenobia, ruler of the Palmyrene Empire, conquers most of the Roman east including Palestine.272 – Palestine is recaptured by Rome.

Byzantine/Christian Roman period

Early Muslim period

Rashidun period

• * June/July – The Rashiduns capture Gaza.
• * summer – Ascalon surrenders to the Rashiduns.
• * late – The Rashiduns and the Byzantines consent to a truce.640 – The Rashiduns capture Caesarea.641 – The Rashiduns capture Ashkelon, completing their conquest of the Holy Land.659 – Earthquake.

Umayyad period

• * February – Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik dies and is succeeded by Al-Walid II.
• * spring – Beginning of widespread mutinies against the Umayyads.
• * April – Caliph Al-Walid II is assassinated and succeeded by Yazid III.
• * October – Yazid III is assassinated and succeeded by Ibrahim ibn al-Walid.
• * November – Caliph Ibrahim is defeated in battle by Marwan II who becomes the new caliph.745 – Theodore is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem.749 January 18 – The Galilee earthquake destroys Tiberias, Scythopolis, Hippos, and Pella. Many other cities throughout the Jordan valley suffer heavy damage. Tens of thousands of lives are lost.

Abbasid period

• * October 17 – Muhammad ibn Ra'iq conquers Ramla.
• * late – Battle of al-'Arish between Ibn Ra'iq and al-Ikhshid.946 July – Sayf al-Dawla invades Palestine.966 – A Muslim-Jewish mob torches the Church of Resurrection, plunders it, and kills Jerusalem's Patriarch John VII.

Fatimid period

• * September 5 – The Qarmatians conquer Ramla.
• * December – The Fatimids ward off a Qarmatian invasion near Fustat.972 or 975 – Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes leads an expedition that reaches as far south as Caesarea and Tiberias in Palestine.975:
• * winter – The Turkish officer Alptakin conquers Sidon and slaughters the population.
• * spring – Alptakin conquers Tiberias.
• * April – Alptakin conquers Damascus.977 March 12 – Ramla is again conquered by the Qarmatians.978:
• * Joseph II is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem.
• * August 15 – A massive Fatimid army defeats Alptakin and the Qarmatians in southern Palestine.978–979 winter – The Jewish Fatimid general tries to negotiate with the leader of the Hamdanids, but their leader Abu Taghlib refuses because Fadl is a Jew. He later agrees to negotiations with Fadl who offers him Ramla in exchange for ousting the Jarrahids.979 August – Abu Taghlib launches a failed offensive on Ramla and is taken captive and executed. 981:
• * June – Damascus is besieged by a Fatimid army.
• * July – The Bedouins, led by the Jarrahids, rebel against the Fatimids.983 July 5 – Damascus is conquered by a Fatimid army.984 – Orestes is appointed patriarch of Jerusalem.991 February 24 – Ya'qub ibn Killis dies.996–998 – Revolt in Tyre. The rebels call for and receive support from the Byzantines. The Fatimids put the city under siege and it falls in May 998. The rebel leader is tortured and crucified. 1006–1007 – Russian abbot Daniel makes pilgrimage to Palestine.1008 – Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah forbids Jerusalem Christians from performing the Palm Sunday procession.1009 October 18 – Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah orders the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.1011–1013 February – Uprising of the Yemenite Djarrahid Bedouin tribe who seize Ramla and establish a mini-caliphate.1012 – Beginning of al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah's oppressive decrees against Christians and Jews.1015 September 4 – Earthquake. The dome of the Dome of the Rock collapses. 1021 February 13 – Caliph Al-Hakim is assassinated and succeeded by his son al-Zahir.1024 September – Bedouin rebellion erupts over tax-collecting privileges. The Bedouins attack and loot Ramla and Tiberias.1026–1027 – Richard of Verdun makes pilgrimage to Palestine.1027 – A treaty is signed between the Byzantine emperor and the Fatimid caliph. It permits the rebuilding of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and allows Christians who had converted to Islam under duress to return to their former faith. It also granted the emperor the right to designate the patriarch of Jerusalem. In return, the mosque of Constantinople would be reopened.1029 – Anushtakin defeats a Bedouin coalition that challenges Fatimid rule in Palestine and Syria.1032 – Renovations of the Dome of the Rock ordered by Caliph al-Zahir are finished.1033:
• * Jerusalem's city walls are rebuilt.
• * December 5 – 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake.1047 – Persian poet and traveler Nasir Khusraw visits Palestine.1063 – The Fatimids strengthen or rebuild the walls of Jerusalem.1064–1065 – The Great German Pilgrimage takes place.1068 – An earthquake destroys Ramla, killing an estimated 15,000.1071 – The Seljuk Turks invade large portions of West Asia, including Asia Minor and the Eastern Mediterranean; they capture Ramla and lay siege to Jerusalem.1073 – The Seljuks invade Palestine.1075:
• * The Seljuks capture Damascus.
• * A severe drought hits Palestine.1077 – The Seljuks capture Jaffa.1089 – The Fatimids conquer Tyre.1092–1095 – Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi stays in Jerusalem.1093 – Muslims in coastal communities bar Christians from entering Palestine.1095 November 27 – Pope Urban II launches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont. Its principal objectives are Catholic reconquest of the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land, and the freeing of Eastern Christians from Islamic rule.1098:
• * July – The Fatimids lay siege to Jerusalem.
• * August 26 – The Fatimids recapture Jerusalem.

Crusader/Ayyubid period

• * June 7 – The crusaders reach Jerusalem and besieges the city.
• * June 17 – A Genoese fleet captures Jaffa.
• * July 15 – Catholic soldiers under Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert II of Flanders, Raymond IV of Toulouse and Tancred take Jerusalem after a difficult siege, killing nearly every inhabitant.
• * July 22 – Godfrey is elected as the ruler of Jerusalem, but he is not crowned king.
• * August 12 – The Crusaders defeat the Fatimids at the Battle of Ascalon.
• * Godfrey of Bouillon enters Jaffa.1100 December 25 – The Kingdom of Jerusalem is established.1113–1115 – Earthquakes hits the region.1116 – The Latins repair the walls of Jerusalem. 1153 August 23 – The Franks capture Ascalon, thus completing the conquest of the Western coast of the Mediterranean Sea.1177 November 25 – Battle of Montgisard: Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin.1124 – Crusaders conquer Tyre.1177 – The Latins repair the walls of Jerusalem.1187:
• * May 1 – Battle of Cresson: Saladin defeats the crusaders.
• * June – Saladin captures Tiberias.
• * July 4 – Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin.
• * October 2 – Saladin captures Jerusalem from Crusaders.1189 August 28 – Guy of Lusignan [Siege of Akko|Acre (1189–1191)|besieges] Acre.1189–1192 – Third Crusade led by the armies of Richard the Lionhearted.1191:
• * June 8 – Richard arrives at Acre.
• * July 12 – The Muslim garrison at Acre surrenders to the Crusaders.
• * August 20 – Richard executes Muslim prisoners from Acre outside the city.
• * September 7 – Richard I of England defeats Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf forcing him to retreat with heavy losses.1192:
• * September 2 – Richard and Saladin signs the Treaty of Jaffa, a peace-treaty to run for three years.
• * October 9 – Richard leaves Palestine.1193 March 3/4 – Saladin dies in Damascus. Conflicts between his sons, brothers and nephews cause the disintegration of his empire.1202 – Major earthquake.1219 March – The Ayyubid sultan Al-Mu'azzam Isa orders the destruction of Jerusalem's city walls to prevent the crusaders from capturing a fortified city. 1229:
• * February 18 – Frederick II and the Ayyubid sultan Al-Kamil signs the Treaty of Jaffa, a 10-year-truce that restores Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem to Christian control in exchange for protection.
• * March 17 – Frederick enters Jerusalem.1239 – The Ayyubid ruler An-Nasir Dawud destroys some of the refortifications built by the Franks in Jerusalem.1243 – The Franks recover Jerusalem.1244:
• * July 11 – The Khwarezmians capture Jerusalem and slaughter its inhabitants.
• * October 18 – Battle of La Forbie north-east of Gaza: The Crusaders and their allies, the Ayyubids of Damascus, Homs, and Kerak, suffer a crushing defeat by the Egyptian army and their Khwarezmian mercenaries.c. 1250 – Rabbi Yehiel ben Joseph founds a Yeshiva in Acre.1258 – The Mongols execute the last Abbasid caliph.1260 – Battle of Ain Jalut between the Egyptian Mamluks and the Mongols.1265 – The Mamluk Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima.
• 1267 – According to tradition, Nachmanides visits Jerusalem and establishes the Ramban Synagogue. However, it is doubtful whether Nachmanides ever visited Jerusalem.1291 May 18 – Fall of Acre: Al-Ashraf Khalil of Egypt captures Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, and ending the Ninth Crusade.

Mamluk period

Ottoman period

16th century

• * The Ottomans conquer Palestine.
• * 1517 – 1517 Hebron pogrom.1538–1535 – Suleiman the Magnificent restores the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Jerusalem city walls.1541 – Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I seals off the Golden Gate to prevent the Jewish Messiah's entrance.1546 January 14 – A devastating earthquake shook the Jordan Rift Valley region. The epicenter of the earthquake was in the Jordan River in a location between the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee. The cities of Jerusalem, Hebron, Nablus, Gaza, and Damascus were heavily damaged.

17th century

18th century

• 1742–1777 – Several Jewish Hassidic leaders move to the Holy Land with many followers of the Baal Shem Tov. Historians mark their arrival as the beginning of the current Jewish Hassidic community in the region.
• 1759 October 30 – Another devastating earthquake shook the Jordan Rift Valley region. The epicenter of the earthquake was again in the Jordan River, in a location between the Sea of Galilee and the Hula Valley. The cities of Safed, Tiberias, Acre, and Sidon were heavily damaged.1798 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria.1799:
• * March 3–4 – Napoleonic Wars: Siege of Jaffa – Napoleon captures the city of Jaffa.
• * March 20–May 21 – Napoleonic Wars: Siege of Acre – An unsuccessful attempt by Napoleon to capture the city of Acre.
• * April 8 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Nazareth.
• * April 11 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Cana.
• * April 16 – Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Mount Tabor – Napoleon drives Ottoman Turks across the River Jordan near Acre.

19th century

• 1808–1810 – Students of Elijah ben Solomon Zalman (Gr"a), amounting to 501 families, arrive in the Holy Land. Historians mark their arrival as the beginning of the current Jewish Ashkenazi community in the region.
• 1832 May 10 – Mohammed Ali, leading Egyptian forces, and aided by local Maronites, seizes Acre from the Ottoman Empire after a 7-month siege.1834 – Peasants' revolt in Palestine - revolt by Arab Palestinian peasants against Egyptian conscription and taxation policies.1837 January 1 – Galilee earthquake of 1837 – A devastating earthquake shakes the Galilee region, killing thousands of people.1840 July 15 – The Austrian Empire, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire sign the Convention of London with the ruler of the Ottoman Empire. The signatories offered to Muhammad Ali and his heirs permanent control over Egypt and the Acre Sanjak, provided that these territories remain part of the Ottoman Empire and that Ali agreed within ten days to withdraw from the rest of Syria and return to Sultan Abdülmecid I the Ottoman fleet which had defected to Alexandria. Muhammad Ali was also to immediately withdraw his forces from Arabia, the Holy Cities, Crete, the district of Adana, and all of the Ottoman Empire.1860 – The first Jewish neighborhood is built outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem.1874 – Jerusalem becomes a Mutesarrifiyyet gaining a special administrative status.1882–1903 – The First Aliyah took place: 25,000–35,000 Jews immigrate to Ottoman Syria.1887–1888 – Ottoman Syria is divided into Jerusalem Sanjak, Nablus Sanjak, and Acre Sanjak1897 August 29–31 – The First Zionist Congress is held in Basel, Switzerland. During it, the World Zionist Organization is founded and the Basel Declaration is approved. The latter determine that the Zionist movement's ultimate aim is to establish and secure under public law a homeland for the Jewish people. The homeland is to be located in the Biblical region dubbed variously "The Holy Land" or "Palestine" by the European Christians during the Catholic and later secular Enlightenment.1898 – German Kaiser Wilhelm visits Jerusalem to dedicate the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer. He meets Theodor Herzl outside city walls.

20th century

• 1901 – The Jewish National Fund is founded at the Fifth Zionist Congress in Basel with the aim of buying and developing land in the southern region of Ottoman Syria for Jewish settlement.
• 1909 April 11 – Tel Aviv is founded on the outskirts of the ancient port city of Jaffa.1911 – The Arabic newspaper Filasṭīn is founded.1915:
• * January 26–February 4 – A German led Ottoman Army advances from Southern Palestine, and conducts a Raid on the Suez Canal in an attempt to stop traffic through the canal.
• * March–October – The 1915 locust plague breaks out in the Eastern Mediterranean coastal region.1916–1918 – The Arab Revolt1916:
• * 16 May – Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement, which defines their respective spheres of influence and control in Western Asia after the expected demise of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. It was largely a trade agreement with a large area set aside for indirect control through an Arab state or a confederation of Arab states.
• * August 3–5 – A German led Ottoman Army attacks British Empire forces defending the Suez Canal at the Battle of Romani.
• * December 23 – The Anzac Mounted Division occupies El Arish and captures the Ottoman garrison during the Battle of Magdhaba. 1917:
• * January 9 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Battle of Rafa – British Empire forces defeat the Ottoman Empire garrison at Rafah after re-capturing the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force.
• * March 26 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: First Battle of Gaza – British attack strong Ottoman defences at Gaza, but fail after 17,000 German led Ottoman troops block their advance in the Southern Coastal Plain.
• * April 6 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: The Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation – Ottoman authorities deport the entire civilian population of Jaffa and Tel Aviv pursuant to the order from Ahmed Jamal Pasha, the military governor of Ottoman Syria during the First World War. Although Muslim evacuees are allowed to return before long, Jewish evacuees were not able to return until after the British conquest of Palestine.
• * April 19 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Second Battle of Gaza – Ottoman defenders repel the second British assault on Gaza.
• * October 31 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Battle of Beersheba – XX Corps infantry and Desert Mounted Corps mounted infantry attack Beersheba on the Gaza to Beersheba defensive line on the northern edge of the Negev Desert, capturing it from the Ottoman Empire.
• * October 31–November 7 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Third Battle of Gaza – British forces capture Gaza.
• * November 2 – Publication of the Balfour Declaration in which the British Government declares its support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in what is to become Mandate Palestine.
• * November 15 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Australian and New Zealand troops capture Jaffa after the Battle of Mughar Ridge fought on November 13.
• * November 17–December 30 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Battle of Jerusalem – The Ottoman Empire is defeated by British Empire forces at the Battle of Jerusalem. The British Army's General Allenby enters Jerusalem on foot, in a reference to the entrance of Caliph Umar in 637.1918:
• * February 21 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Capture of Jericho – the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's Occupation of the Jordan Valley begins.
• * March 8–12– Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Battle of Tell 'Asur – series of attacks along the Jaffa to Jerusalem line which pushed the front line a few miles north.
• * March 21–April 2 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: First Transjordan attack on Amman including the First Battle of Amman – an infantry and a mounted division invade Ottoman Empire territory only to be forced by superior Ottoman forces to retreat back to the Jordan Valley.
• * April 30–May 4 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt – second attempt to capture Ottoman Empire territory east of the Jordan River when three divisions are again forced back to the Jordan Valley by superior Ottoman defenders.
• * June – First meeting between Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann and the son of the Sharif of Mecca Hashemite Prince Faisal, who led the Arab forces in the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. The meeting takes place in Faisal's headquarters in Aqaba, and attempts to establish favourable relations between Arabs and Jews in the Middle East.
• * July 14 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Battle of Abu Tellul
• * September 19–25 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Battle of Megiddo including the Battle of Sharon, the Battle of Nablus, and the Third Transjordan attack. The Egyptian Expeditionary Force attacks and captures large numbers of Ottoman and German soldiers and Ottoman territory. These battles included the capture of Amman, Arara, Capture of Afulah and Beisan, Haifa, Jenin, Nablus, Samakh, Tabsor, Tiberias, and Tulkarm, including a series of air raids in the Judean Hills during which bombs are dropped on retreating German and Ottoman columns.
• * September 26–October 1 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Capture of Damascus – continuation of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force attacks with capture of almost two Ottoman armies, plus territory extending into Syria. During this advance Irbid, Jisr Benat Yakub, Kaukab, and Kiswe are captured. The British Empire offensive continues into Syria with the Charge at Khan Ayash and the Pursuit to Haritan, as well as the Battle of Aleppo, and ends with the Charge at Haritan on October 26.
• * October 30 – Sinai and Palestine Campaign: The British Sinai and Palestine Campaign officially ends with the signing of the Armistice of Mudros. Shortly thereafter, the Ottoman Empire is dissolved.

OETA and Mandatory Palestine

Israel, Jordan-occupied West Bank, Egypt-occupied Gaza

• * February 24 – Israel and Egypt sign an armistice agreement.
• * March 23 – Israel and Lebanon sign an armistice agreement.
• * April 3 – Israel and Jordan sign an armistice agreement.
• * July 20 – Israel and Syria sign an armistice agreement.1950 Spring – Jordan annexes the West Bank.1956 October 29–November 5 – The Sinai Campaign. This war followed Egypt's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal. Initiated by United Kingdom and France, the war was conducted in cooperation with Israel, and aimed at occupying the Sinai Peninsula, with the Europeans regaining control over the Suez Canal. Although the Israeli occupation of the Sinai was successful, the US and USSR forced it to abandon this conquest. Israel, however, managed to re-open the Straits of Tiran and secure its southern border.1967 June 5–10 – The Six-Day War between Israel and all of its neighboring countries: Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon which were aided by other Arab countries. The war lasted for six days and concluded with Israel expanding its territory significantly — Gaza Strip and Sinai from Egypt, the West Bank and Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria.

Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories

• * November 14–November 21 – Operation Pillar of Cloud: IDF forces launches a large-scale military operation in the Gaza Strip in response to Palestinian militants firing over a hundred rockets from the Gaza Strip into southern Israel beginning on 10 November, with the aims of restoring quiet to southern Israel and to strike at what it considers terror organizations. The operation officially began with the assassination of Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Gaza military wing of Hamas. 158 Palestinians were killed.
• * November 29 – United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19: Upgrading of Palestine to non-member observer state status in the United Nations.
• 2016 December 23 – United Nations Security Council resolution 2334: Condemning Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands.2017 December 6 – US president Donald Trump announced the United States recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.2021 May 6–21 – Four Palestinian families face eviction in East Jerusalem and Israeli police storm peaceful worshippers at Al-Aqsa Mosque, leading to a crisis.2023 October 7 – Gaza war: Hamas launched a large-scale offensive against Israel, during which Hamas initially fired thousands of rockets at Israel from the Gaza Strip, while at the same time over a thousand Palestinian militants broke through the border and entered Israel by foot and with motor vehicles, as they engaged in gun battles with the Israeli security forces, conducting massacres and shootings of Israeli civilians, took over Israeli towns and military bases, as well as kidnapped over 200 Israeli soldiers and civilians. As a result Israel's Security Cabinet formally declares war for the first time since the Yom Kippur War in 1973.