Tabernacle
According to the Hebrew Bible, the tabernacle, also known as the Tent of the Congregation, was the portable earthly dwelling of God used by the Israelites from the Exodus until the conquest of Canaan. Moses was instructed at Mount Sinai to construct and transport the tabernacle with the Israelites on their journey through the wilderness and their subsequent conquest of the Promised Land. Based on, biblical literalists hold that after either 480 or 440 years, Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem superseded it as God's dwelling-place.
The main source describing the tabernacle is the biblical Book of Exodus, specifically Exodus 25–31 and 35–40. Those passages describe an inner sanctuary, the Holy of Holies, created by the veil suspended by four pillars. This sanctuary contained the Ark of the Covenant, with its cherubim-covered mercy seat. An outer sanctuary contained a gold lamp-stand or candlestick. On the north side stood a table, on which lay the showbread. On the south side was the Menorah, holding seven oil lamps to give light. On the west side, just before the veil, was the golden altar of incense. It was constructed of 4 woven layers of curtains and 48 tall standing wood boards overlaid in gold and held in place by its bars and silver sockets and was richly furnished with valuable materials taken from Egypt at God's command.
Historically, according to scholars like Mark S. Smith, William G. Dever and archaeological discoveries, the tabernacle is based on similar tent shrines from other cultures in the ancient near-east, such as the Canaanites, Babylonians and Egyptians. These portable shrines would house respective deities, with this custom both predating and surrounding the ancient Israelites.
Meaning
The English word tabernacle derives from the Latin tabernāculum, which in ancient Roman religion was a ritual structure. The Hebrew word mishkan implies "dwell", "rest", or "to live in". In Greek, including the Septuagint, the Hebrew is translated σκηνή, itself a Semitic loanword meaning "tent".Biblical scholar Michael B. Hundley argues that the Priestly source uses the terms "tabernacle" and "tent of meeting" in a complementary way to emphasize the sacred tent’s dual function as a divine dwelling place on earth and a place where the resident deity meets with his people.
Dr. Hacham Isaac S. D. Sassoon argued that the Priestly source’s focus on the Tabernacle, rather than the Temple, serves as a post-exilic critique of the idea of rebuilding a stationary Temple, presenting the mobile Tabernacle as a divinely-ordained permanent structure for the Israelites.
Description
A detailed description of a tabernacle, located in Exodus chapters 25–27 and Exodus chapters 35–40, refers to an inner shrine, the Holy of Holies, housing the ark, and an outer chamber with the six-branch seven-lamp Temple menorah, table for showbread, and an altar of incense. An enclosure containing the sacrificial altar and bronze laver for the priests to wash surrounded these chambers.Traditional scholars contend that it describes an actual tabernacle used in the time of Moses and thereafter. This view is based on the existence of significant parallels between the biblical Tabernacle and similar structures from ancient Egypt during the Late Bronze Age.
The detailed outlines for the tabernacle and its priests are enumerated in the Book of Exodus:
- : Materials needed: the Ark, the table for 12 showbread, the menorah.
- : The tabernacle, the bars, partitions.
- : The copper altar, the enclosure, oil.
- : Vestments for the priests, ephod garment, ring settings, the breastplate, robe, head-plate, tunic, turban, sashes, pants.
- : Consecration of priests and altar.
- : Incense altar, washstand, anointing oil, incense.
Benjamin D. Sommer suggests that while the Holy of Holies in the tabernacle was reserved for God’s presence, the main room featured a metal menorah with six branches on each side, potentially echoing the asherah, which he thinks was used in the cult of Yahweh.
Tent of the Presence
Some interpreters assert the Tent of the Presence was a special meeting place outside the camp, unlike the Tabernacle which was placed in the center of the camp. According to , this tent was for communion with Yahweh, to receive oracles and to understand the divine will. The people's elders were the subject of a remarkable prophetic event at the site of this tent in .Builders
In Exodus 31, the main builder and maker of the priestly vestments is specified as Bezalel, son of Uri son of Hur of the tribe of Judah, who was assisted by Oholiab and a number of skilled artisans.Plan
During the Exodus, the wandering in the desert and the conquest of Canaan, the Tabernacle was in part a portable tent, and in part a wooden enclosure draped with ten curtains, of blue, purple, and scarlet fabric. It had a rectangular, perimeter fence of fabric, poles and staked cords. This rectangle was always erected when the Israelite tribes would camp, oriented to the east as the east side had no frames. In the center of this enclosure was a rectangular sanctuary draped with goat-hair curtains, with the roof coverings made from rams' skins.Holy of Holies
Beyond this curtain was the cube-shaped inner room, the Kodesh Hakedashim. This area housed the Ark of the Covenant, inside which were the two stone tablets brought down from Mount Sinai by Moses on which were written the Ten Commandments, a golden urn holding the manna, and Aaron's rod which had budded and borne ripe almonds.Tachash
Tachash is referred to fifteen times in the Hebrew Bible; 13 of these refer to the roof coverings.Restrictions
- Wine forbidden to priests in the tabernacle:
- Individuals with the Tzaraat skin affliction were not permitted entry to the tabernacle: Leviticus 22:4
- Sacrifice only at the tabernacle:
- Priests could only enter into the third room of the tent once a year: Leviticus 16
Rituals
Twice a day, a priest would stand in front of the golden prayer altar and burn fragrant incense. Other procedures were also carried out in the tabernacle:- The daily meal offering:
- Guilt offerings and peace offerings:
- Ceremony of Ordination:
- Octave of Ordination:
- Yom Kippur:
- Ordeal of the bitter water for suspected adulteresses:
- Dedication of Nazirites:
- Preparation of the ashes of a red heifer for the water of purification:
It was at the door of the tabernacle that the community wept in sorrow when all the chiefs of the people were impaled and the men who had joined in worship to the Baal of Peor were killed on God's orders.
Subsequent history
During the conquest of Canaan, the main Israelite camp was at Gilgal and the tabernacle was probably erected within the camp: "…and returned into the camp".After the conquest and division of the land among the tribes, the tabernacle was moved to Shiloh in Ephraimite territory to avoid disputes among the other tribes. It remained there during most of the rule of the Judges. According to a possible translation of, the Ark, and thus the tabernacle, was at Bethel while Phinehas, grandson of Aaron, was alive.
After the Ark of the Covenant was captured by the Philistines, the subsequent history of the tabernacle is separate from that of the Ark, even after the latter was returned. Under King Saul, the tabernacle was eventually moved to Nob, near Saul's home town of Gibeah, but after he massacred the priests there, it was moved to Gibeon, a hill-shrine. Just prior to David's moving the ark to Jerusalem, the ark was located in Kiriath-Jearim.
The Ark was eventually brought to Jerusalem, where it was placed "inside the tent David had pitched for it", not in the tabernacle, which remained at Gibeon. The altar of the tabernacle at Gibeon was used for sacrificial worship, until Solomon brought the structure and its furnishings to Jerusalem to furnish and dedicate the Temple.
There is no mention of the tabernacle in the Tanakh after the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple by the Babylonians in c. 587 BCE.
Relationship to the golden calf
Some rabbis have commented on the proximity of the narrative of the tabernacle with that of the episode known as the sin of the golden calf recounted in. Maimonides asserts that the tabernacle and its accoutrements, such as the golden Ark of the Covenant and the golden Menorah were meant as "alternates" to the human weakness and needs for physical idols as seen in the golden calf episode. Other scholars, such as Nachmanides, disagree and maintain that the tabernacle's meaning is not tied in with the golden calf, but instead symbolizes higher mystical lessons that symbolize God's constant closeness to the Children of Israel.Image:Shilo centr synagogue.jpg|thumb|right|The Mishkan Shilo synagogue in Shilo is a replica of the Jewish Temple
File:Hannover Kirche Zu den heiligen Engeln.jpg|thumb|Zu den heiligen Engeln, Hanover, completed 1964
Blueprint for synagogues
construction over the last two thousand years has followed the outlines of the original tabernacle. Every synagogue has at its front an ark, aron kodesh, containing the Torah scrolls, comparable to the Ark of the Covenant which contained the tablets with Ten Commandments. This is the holiest spot in a synagogue, equivalent to the Holy of Holies.There is also usually a constantly lighted lamp, Ner tamid, or a candelabrum, lighted during services, near a spot similar to the position of the original Menorah. At the center of the synagogue is a large elevated area, known as the bimah, where the Torah is read. This is equivalent to the tabernacle's altars upon which incense and animal sacrifices were offered. On the main holidays the priests gather at the front of the synagogue to bless the congregation as did their priestly ancestors in the tabernacle from Aaron onwards.