Stenosis
Stenosis is the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure such as foramina and canals. It is also sometimes called a stricture.
Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle ; stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen. The term coarctation is another synonym, but is commonly used only in the context of aortic coarctation.
Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.
Examples
Examples of vascular stenotic lesions include:- Intermittent claudication
- Angina
- Carotid artery stenosis which predispose to
- Renal artery stenosis
Types
Vascular Stenosis
Arterial stenosis- Carotid artery stenosis
- Coronary artery stenosis
- Renal artery stenosis
- Peripheral artery stenosis
- Vertebral artery stenosis
- Cerebral artery stenosis
- Pulmonary artery stenosis
- * Congenital or acquired abnormal narrowing of pulmonary arteries along any portion of the pulmonary artery tree
- Jugular venous stenosis
- Central venous stenosis
Cardiac Valve Stenosis
- Aortic valve stenosis
- * Normal aortic valves are estimated to be less than a millimeter thick. Subsequent fibrosis and calcification of the valve leads to narrowing of the valve and therefore decreased blood flow out of the heart.
- Mitral valve stenosis
- * thickening of the mitral valve, therefore causing narrowing
- Tricuspid valve stenosis
- * thickening of the tricuspid valve, therefore causing narrowing
- Pulmonary valve stenosis
- * thickening of the pulmonary valve, therefore causing narrowing
Neurologic/Spine Stenosis
- Spinal canal stenosis
- * Cervical spinal stenosis
- * Thoracic stenosis
- * Lumbar stenosis
- Foraminal stenosis
- Aqueductal stenosis
Gastrointestinal Stenosis
- Esophageal stenosis
- * A congenital or acquired fixed narrowing of the esophagus.
- ** Congenital subtypes
- *** Tracheobronchial remnants
- *** Fibromuscular thickening / fibromuscular stenosis
- *** Membranous webbing or esophageal membrane
- ** Acquired
- *** Injury
- *** Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- *** Eosinophilic esophagitis
- *** Achalasia
- Pyloric stenosis
- * Relatively uncommon disorder of infants, usually between the ages of 2–12 weeks, caused by abnormal thickening of the pylorus muscle in the stomach at the junction between the end of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum.
- Small-bowel stenosis
- Colonic stenosis
- Anal stricture
- Rectal stricture
Respiratory Stenosis
- Subglottic stenosis
- * Congenital or acquired narrowing of airway diameter in anatomic area below the vocal cords.
- Laryngotracheal stenosis
- Bronchial stenosis
Genitourinary Stenosis
- Ureteral stenosis
- Urethral stenosis
- Cervical canal stenosis
- Meatal stenosis
- Vaginal stenosis
- * Abnormal shortening or tightening of the vaginal canal.
Others
- Biliary duct stenosis
Causes
- Alcohol
- Atherosclerosis
- Birth defects
- Calcification
- Diabetes
- Headbanging
- Iatrogenic
- Infection
- Inflammation
- Ischemia
- Neoplasm
- Smoking
- Ureteral
- Urethral
Diagnosis