Statue of Baphomet
The statue of Baphomet is a monumental bronze sculpture commissioned by the Satanic Temple, first unveiled in 2015. The statue has figured in public challenges against the display of the Ten Commandments at two U.S. state capitols.
Depicting Baphomet, a goat-headed, angel-winged humanoid symbol of the occult, the statue stands tall, weighing over, and includes a prominent pentagram as well as two smiling youths gazing up at the seated central figure. Petitions to display the statue on public grounds have resulted in arguments concerning religious equality and the validity of satirical elements as part of new religious movements. Production of the statue, and its initial notoriety, is featured in the 2019 Hail Satan? documentary.
Origins
The Satanic Temple began an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign in 2014 to create a satanic monument depicting Baphomet and two children, with the intention to display this monument at the Oklahoma State Capitol. The group's fundraising efforts aimed at erecting the statue in response to the Ten Commandments Monument installed by Oklahoma State Representative Mike Ritze in 2012. Artist Mark Porter created the sculpture in Florida using the Éliphas Lévi illustration as his basis.Public unveiling
The piece was first seen publicly on 25 July 2015 at an event organized by the Detroit chapter of The Satanic Temple, amidst protests by religious organizations. The 700 attendees at the unveiling ceremony had to "sell their souls to Satan" in order to receive a ticket, a tactic that the Temple stated was done in order to "keep away some of the more radical superstitious people who would try to undermine the event."Time noted that "the group does not 'promote a belief in a personal Satan.' By their logic, Satan is an abstraction,... 'a literary figure, not a deity — he stands for rationality, for skepticism, for speaking truth to power, even at great personal cost.' Time also commented on the statue's unveiling, writing "Call it Libertarian Gothic, maybe — some darker permutation of Ayn Rand's crusade for free will. One witnesses in The Satanic Temple militia a certain knee-jerk reaction to encroachments upon personal liberties, especially when those encroachments come with a crucifix in hand. The Baphomet statue is the Satanic Temple's defiant retort du jour."
State Capitol grounds
Oklahoma
In 2012, Oklahoma Rep. Mike Ritze, a Republican politician from Tulsa, privately commissioned a Ten Commandments Monument for the Oklahoma State Capitol in Oklahoma City after a previous court ruling dictated that religious monuments may not be paid for with public tax dollars under the Oklahoma state constitution, which forbids the state from endorsing a specific religion. In January 2014, the Satanic Temple announced plans to also crowdfund and privately commission a 7-to-9-foot-tall bronze statue of Baphomet to be displayed alongside the Christian monument, both statues being legally classified as "donations".The Satanic Temple ultimately raised over $28,000 to finance and build the statue of Baphomet.
In July 2015, after the litigation of Prescott v. Oklahoma Capitol Preservation Commission concluded with an Oklahoma Supreme Court order to remove the Ten Commandments monument, as it violated Article 2, Section 5 of the Oklahoma state constitution, the Satanic Temple withdrew their request to display Baphomet on public property. As the statue was completed in Detroit, Michigan just days prior, but had yet to be transported to Oklahoma City, the Satanic Temple also announced plans to install the statue of Baphomet elsewhere.
Doug Mesner, a representative for the Satanic Temple, stated the following: "The entire point of our effort was to offer a monument that would complement and contrast the Ten Commandments, reaffirming that we live in a nation that respects plurality, a nation that refuses to allow a single viewpoint to co-opt the power and authority of government institutions. Given the Court's ruling, the Satanic Temple no longer has any interest in pursuing placement of the Baphomet monument on Oklahoma's Capitol grounds. Arkansas is looking appealing...there are plenty of areas in the United States crying out for a counter-balance to existing graven tributes to archaic Abrahamic barbarism."
After failed attempts by Republican lawmakers, including Governor of Oklahoma Mary Fallin, to appeal the Oklahoma Supreme Court ruling and keep the Ten Commandments monument at the State Capitol, it was relocated in October 2015 to the front lawn of the Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs building on private property. Removing the statue cost the state $4,700.
In 2016, the Satanic Temple opposed State Question 790, a proposed revision to the Oklahoma state constitution that, if passed by voters, would allow the use of public land and taxpayer funds for religious purposes, including financing religious monuments. The measure was defeated.
On 27 April 2018, Arkansas State Sen. Jason Rapert installed a Ten Commandments monument at the Arkansas State Capitol that he had privately financed and commissioned. Shortly after, in May 2018, the Oklahoma Legislature passed a bill, introduced by State Representative John R. Bennett, labelling the Ten Commandments as a "historically significant document", in an attempt to reinstall the Ten Commandments monument on the grounds of the State Capitol. Bennett disputed the 2015 Oklahoma Supreme Court ruling, arguing that "displaying the Ten Commandments does not advocate for religion". State Sen. Micheal Bergstrom proposed that the Ten Commandments monument could be displayed "with other historical documents" on the same public property, including the Constitution of the United States and the United States Declaration of Independence. The proposed law also required the Oklahoma attorney general to defend legal challenges to display of the Ten Commandments monument in court.
The bill was signed into law by Governor of Oklahoma Mary Fallin, who agreed with Bennett, saying, " doesn't order their display. Displaying the Ten Commandments on public property celebrates the historical values that have helped shape our legal system. It is not a state endorsement of any religion, and it certainly does not threaten anyone's rights to worship as they choose, or not to worship at all."
On 30 January 2024, Oklahoma Sen. David Bullard filed a bill to "prominently display and protect" a new version of the Ten Commandments Monument at the Oklahoma State Capitol. Bullard claimed that the monument had "historic significance" to the history of both Oklahoma and the United States. If passed, the bill would authorize the Oklahoma Legislature and the Governor of Oklahoma to design, place, secure, and construct the monument, while complying with previous court rulings that only donated funds may be used in its construction. The proposed law also specified that any acts of vandalism against the new Ten Commandments monument would constitute a felony.
Bullard stated his reasoning for introducing the bill as follows: "There has actually been change in a lot of case law, most specifically the Kennedy v. Bremerton School District U.S. Supreme Court case from 2022, which now establishes that the only test we have, the lemon test no longer exists. The only test that we have when it comes to Establishment Clause basis is...'Is what we're doing have to do with our history?' If it does, then it's permissible, and the Ten Commandments are all through our history." In response to protests by the Satanic Temple and other civil rights groups, such as the American Civil Liberties Union, Bullard responded, " do not speak for the majority of Oklahomans who want to honor our Christian and constitutional heritage."
The same argument had been used against the Satanic Temple's petition to erect a statute of Baphomet at the Oklahoma State Capitol in 2014 by Oklahoma State Representative Paul Wesselhöft, who stated, " historical significance for the State of Oklahoma...the only reason why the Ten Commandments qualified is because, at the Capitol, what we do is we make laws. We are lawmakers. Well, one of the earliest laws we have are the Ten Commandments."
However, Mesner disputed this on behalf of the Satanic Temple, saying, "The idea that the Ten Commandments are foundational to United States law or Oklahoman law is absurd and obscene. celebrates our progress as a pluralistic nation founded on secular law. I would argue that the message behind our monument speaks more directly to the formation of U.S. constitutional values than the Ten Commandments possibly could. It especially does so when it stands directly beside the Ten Commandments, as it affirms no one religion enjoys legal preference."
On 1 March 2024, SB 1858 failed to make the committee deadline in the Oklahoma Legislature, and was shelved.
Arkansas
The statue was displayed on a flatbed truck parked in front of the Arkansas State Capitol building for several hours on 16 August 2018 for an event organized in protest of the Ten Commandments Monument on the Arkansas Capitol grounds. After a formal request to install Baphomet was refused, Satanic Temple members were granted legal standing to challenge the Ten Commandments monument. Litigation of the consolidated case Cave et al. v. Thurston was still ongoing as of July 2023.In October 2023, U.S. District Judge Kristine Baker requested additional briefs on from attorneys on both sides of the lawsuit. Judge Baker questioned whether the monument violated the Arkansas Constitution's provision dealing with the separation of church and state, and suggested that the Arkansas Supreme Court should rule on the state constitutional question before proceeding with federal questions regarding whether or not the Ten Commandments monument violated the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.