Chauhan dynasty
The Chauhan dynasty are a dynasty associated with various ruling Rajput families in the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan from seventh century onwards.
Subclans
, Hada, Songara, Bhadauria, Devda, Nirban etc. are the branches or subclans of Chauhan Rajputs.Origin
The word Chauhan is the vernacular form of the Sanskrit term Chahamana. Several Chauhan inscriptions name a legendary hero called Chahamana as their ancestor, but none of them state the period in which he lived.The earliest known ruler of the dynasty was Vasudeva. According to the Prabandha-Kosha of the 14th century Jain scholar Rajashekhara Suri, Vasudeva ascended the throne in 551 CE. The historical accuracy of this statement is not certain.
The earliest extant inscription that describes the origin of the Chauhans is the 1119 CE Sevadi inscription of Ratnapala, a ruler of the Naddula Chahamana dynasty. According to this inscription, the ancestor of the Chahamanas was born from the eye of Indra.
The 1170 CE Bijolia rock inscription of the Shakambhari Chahamana king Someshvara states that his ancestor Samantaraja was born at Ahichchhatrapura in the gotra of sage Vatsa. The 1262 CE Sundha hill inscription of the Jalor Chahamana king Chachiga-deva states that the dynasty's ancestor Chahamana was "a source of joy" to the Vatsa. The 1320 Mount Abu inscription of the Deora Chauhan ruler Lumbha states that Vatsa created the Chahamanas as a new lineage of warriors, after the solar dynasty and the lunar dynasty had ceased to exist.
The Ajmer inscription of the Shakambhari Chahamana ruler Vigraharaja IV claims that Chahamana belonged to the solar dynasty, descending from Ikshavaku and Rama. The 12th-century Prithviraja Vijaya mahakavya, composed by Prithviraja III's court poet Jayanaka, also claims a solar dynasty origin for the ruling dynasty. According to this text, Chahamana came to earth from Arkamandal.
The 15th-century Hammira Mahakavya of Nayachandra Suri, which describes the life of the Ranthambore branch ruler Hammira, gives the following account: Once Brahma was wandering in search of an auspicious place to conduct a ritual sacrifice. He ultimately chose the place where a lotus from his hand fell; this place came to be known as Pushkara. Brahma wanted to protect his sacrificial ceremony against interference from danavas. Therefore, he remembered the Sun, and a hero came into being from the sun's orb. This hero was Chohan, the ancestor of the Hammira's dynasty. The earliest extant recension of Prithviraj Raso of Chand Bardai, dated to 15th or 16th century, states that the first Chauhan king – Manikya Rai – was born from Brahma's sacrifice. The 16th-century Surjana-Charita, composed by the Bengali poet Chandra Shekhara under patronage of the Ranthambore ruler Rao Surjana, contains a similar account. It states that Brahma created the first Chahamana from the Sun's disc during a sacrificial ceremony at Pushkara.
File:Drachms of the Chauhans of Ranthambhor.jpg|thumb|300px|Drachms of the Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura. Despite these earlier myths, it was the Agnivanshi myth that became most popular among the Chauhans and other Rajput clans. According to this myth, some of the Rajput clans originated from Agni, in a sacrificial fire pit. This legend was probably invented by the 10th-century Paramara court poet Padmagupta, whose Nava-sahasanka-charita mentions only the Paramaras as fire-born. The inclusion of Chauhans in the Agnivanshi myth can be traced back to the later recensions of Prithviraj Raso. In this version of the legend, once Vashistha and other great sages begin a major sacrificial ceremony on Mount Abu. The ritual was interrupted by miscreant daityas. To get rid of these demons, Vashistha created progenitors of three Rajput dynasties from the sacrificial fire pit. These were Parihar, Chaluk, and Parmar. These heroes were unable to defeat the demons. So, the sages prayed again, and this time a fourth warrior appeared: Chahuvana. This fourth hero slayed the demons.
File:Brooklyn Museum - Portrait of Rao Chattar Sal of Bundi.jpg|thumb|Rao Raja Chattar Sal of Bundi supported Dara Shikoh in the Mughal war of succession of 1658–1659.|left
The earliest available copies of Prithviraj Raso do not mention the Agnivanshi legend. It is possible that the 16th-century bards came up with the legend to foster Rajput unity against the Mughal emperor Akbar. Adaptions of the Prithviraj Raso occur in several later works. The Hammira Raso by Jodharaja, a court poet of prince Chandrabhana of Neemrana, states that once the Kshatriyas became extinct. So, the great sages assembled at Mount Abu and created three heroes. When these three heroes could not defeat the demons, they created Chahuvanaji. A slight variation occurs in the writings of Surya Malla Mishrana, the court poet of Bundi. In this version, the various gods create the four heroes on Vashistha's request. According to the bardic tale of the Khichi clan of Chauhans, the Parwar was born from Shiva's essence; the Solankhi or Chaluk Rao was born from Brahma's essence; the Pariyar was born from Devi's essence; and the Chahuvan was born from Agni, the fire.
History
The Chauhans were historically a powerful group in the region now known as Rajasthan. For around 400 years from the 7th century CE their strength in Sambhar was a threat to the power-base of the Guhilots in the south-west of the area, as also was the strength of their fellow Agnivanshi clans. They suffered a set-back in 1192 when their leader, Prithviraj Chauhan, was defeated at the Second Battle of Tarain but this did not signify their demise. The kingdom broke into the Satyapura and Devda branches after the invasion of Qutbu l-Din Aibak in 1197. The 13th and 14th centuries saw the struggle between the Chauhan Rajputs and the Delhi Sultanate to control the strategic areas of Delhi, Punjab and Gujarat.The earliest Chauhan inscription is a copper-plate inscription found at Hansot.
Dynasties and states
The ruling dynasties belonging to the Chauhan clan included:Early Medieval Period (before 1192)
- Chahamanas of Shakambhari
- Chahamanas of Naddula
- Chahamanas of Jalor ; branched off from the Chahamanas of Naddula
- Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura ; branched off from the Chahamanas of Shakambhari
Late Medieval and early Modern Period (after 1192)
Rajasthan
- Sirohi State
- Bundi State
- Kota State
Madhya Pradesh.
- Raghogarh State
Uttar Pradesh
- Tulsipur State
- Partabgarh
Gujarat
- Vav State
Himachal Pradesh
- Dhami State
Odisha
- Sambalpur State
- Sonepur State
- Patna State
Chhattisgarh
- Sambalpur State
- Changbhakar State
- Korea State
Nepal
- Tulsipur State
Rulers
Shakambhari Branch
| Ruler | Reign | |
| 1 | Chahamana | |
| 2 | Vasu-deva | |
| 3 | Samanta-raja | 684–709 |
| 4 | Nara-deva | 709–721 |
| 5 | Ajaya-raja I | 721–734 |
| 6 | Vigraha-raja I | 734–759 |
| 7 | Chandra-raja I | 759–771 |
| 8 | Gopendra-raja | 771–784 |
| 9 | Durlabha-raja I | 784–809 |
| 10 | Govinda-raja I alias Guvaka I | 809–836 |
| 11 | Chandra-raja II | 836–863 |
| 12 | Govindaraja II alias Guvaka II | 863–890 |
| 13 | Chandana-raja | 890–917 |
| 14 | Vakpati-raja | 917–944 |
| 15 | Simha-raja | 944–971 |
| 16 | Vigraha-raja II | 971–998 |
| 17 | Durlabha-raja II | 998–1012 |
| 18 | Govinda-raja III | 1012–1026 |
| 19 | Vakpati-raja II | 1026–1040 |
| 20 | Viryarama | 1040 |
| 21 | Chamunda-raja | 1040–1065 |
| 22 | Durlabha-raja III alias Duśala | 1065–1070 |
| 23 | Vigraha-raja III alias Visala | 1070–1090 |
| 24 | Prithvi-raja I | 1090–1110 |
| 25 | Ajaya-raja II | 1110–1135 |
| 26 | Arno-raja alias Ana | 1135–1150 |
| 27 | Jagad-deva | 1150 |
| 28 | Vigraha-raja IV alias Visaladeva | 1150–1164 |
| 29 | Apara-gangeya | 1164–1165 |
| 30 | Prithvi-raja II | 1165–1169 |
| 31 | Someshvara | 1169–1178 |
| 32 | Prithviraja III | 1177–1192 |
| 33 | Govinda-raja IV | 1192 |
| 34 | Hari-raja | 1193–1194 |
Naddula Branch
| Kings | Reign | |
| 1 | Lakshmana alias Rao Lakha or Lakhan | 950–982 |
| 2 | Shobhita | 982–986 |
| 3 | Baliraja | 986–990 |
| 4 | Vigrahapala | 990–994 |
| 5 | Mahindra alias Mahindu | 994–1015 |
| 6 | Ashvapala | 1015–1019 |
| 7 | Ahila | 1019–1024 |
| 8 | Anahilla | 1024–1055 |
| 9 | Balaprasada | 1055–1070 |
| 10 | Jendraraja | 1070–1080 |
| 11 | Prithvipala | 1080–1090 |
| 12 | Jojalladeva | 1090–1110 |
| 13 | Asharaja alias Ashvaraja | 1110–1119 |
| 14 | Ratnapala | 1119–1132 |
| 15 | Rayapala | 1132–1145 |
| 16 | Katukaraja | 1145–1148 |
| 17 | Alhanadeva | 1148–1163 |
| 18 | Kelhanadeva | 1163–1193 |
| 19 | Jayatasimha | 1193–1197 |