Sedilia
In church architecture, sedilia are built-in or freestanding structures specially provided for seating the officiating clergy during Mass. Their forms, decoration, and positioning have symbolic liturgical and social meaning.
In England they were typically made of stone, located on the liturgical south side of the altaroften within the chanceland were integrated into the church building structure, often as recessed niches. Their development in England dates from the early 12th century, with their peak around mid-13th to mid-14th century. Elsewhere in Europe, sedilia were more often freestanding and made of wood. As moveable objects, their location and orientation within the church building did not carry the same symbolic importance as they did for English sedilia. Generally, European examples were simpler in form.
History
Origins and early examples
Sedilia first appeared in the Romanesque period, usually as simple niches or stone benches. One of the most representative early examples is located in Kirkstall Abbey in West Yorkshire that was built in the end of the 1150s. This set includes a giant niche nearly wide, and internal liturgical furnishings like piscina and credence shelf; it has decorative scalloped capitals and billet moulding. It demonstrates early sedilia as a one-piece structure on the presbytery wall.These early patterns provide seats for the priest, deacon and subdeacon during the Mass. In this phase, sedilia were not just practical fixtures, their placement and decorative details had symbolic meaning in classifying clerical hierarchy. The form is rooted in Roman dado arcading, but extended beyond its functional nature and into a unique artistic form. From the middle 13th century to the 14th century, sedilia developed gabled forms, with sculptural elements and shrine-like canopies. They held symbolic meaning in Eucharistic theology and clerical hierarchy.
In the Decorated Gothic period from about 1250s to 1350s, sedilia underwent profound development. Their architectural detailing such as trefoil and quatrefoil spandrels, stiff-leaf foliage, and sculpted gables aligned with the trend of sacred space and visual complexity that Gothic architecture highlights. The sedilia of Kempsey, Worchester and of Heckington are examples of the development in this style.
The development of sedilia was impacted by sponsorship. Wealthy clerical and lay patrons would individualise sedilia to their liturgical and aesthetic preferences. In churches of higher status like collegiate or minster churches, sedilia were often embedded into the old chancel structure to further highlight its liturgical and symbolic significance.
Decline and the Reformation
In the late flourishing of Perpendicular Gothic from 14th century to 16th century, the popularity of sedilia gradually declined. Architectural styles with unified surfaces on a large scale, with perpendicular elements were preferred in this period. These stylistic forms were in conflict with the sedilia styles of small scales and compartmentalisation. Sedilia in new churches in this period are rare; existing sedilia would be covered or removed, replaced with funerary monuments or wainscoting.After the Reformation, the decline escalated. Many sedilia were destroyed, painted or changed for other functions, but a significant number of them were restored thanks to their structural unity. In extremely rare situations like Wymondham Abbey, the sedilia were restored or newly built after the Reformation, which was possibly due to continuous Catholic sympathies or conservative leadership.
Revival in the 19th century
Sedilia saw a renaissance in the 19th century, at the peak of the Gothic period in England.In the Gothic Revival movement in the 19th century, sedilia were valued and rejuvenated, mainly thanks to the advocacy of ecclesia like the Cambridge Camden Society. Affected by architects and theorists like A. W. N. Pugin, many repairers and church constructors managed to repair the liturgical structures in the Middle Ages, including new sedilia. In many cases, restorers in Victorian even "corrected" and filled up the seats, or enforced their decorations to match the medieval styles in their minds.
However, this revival also received some criticism. Some appreciated the return of medieval aesthetics and symbols, while others criticized the actions that adding up fake medieval elements into the churches without historical references. Even so, until the end of the 19th century, sedilia has reassured its status as one of the standard components of Anglican chancel design.
Legacy and scholarship
Nowadays, sedilia have continued to attract academic attention and been valued as the artistic production of liturgies, architecture and aesthetics. Scholar James Alexander Cameron proposed that sedilia are not only practical components, but also should be valued as a genre of ecclesiastical art with pattern consistency and regional variation.From the early single-niche pattern at Kirkstall to the elaborately sculptured sedilia at Belgrave and Heckington churches, the existing various of sedilia both present the medieval sculptors' creativity, and demonstrate the long-lasting symbolic meaning of the priestly seat in British ecclesiastical convention.
Three seats
During certain sections of the liturgy, especially the gloria and credo, the clergy sat in the three-seater, also known as the Levite's seat, bench, or celebrant's chair when Mass was celebrated with the roles of priest, deacon, and subdeacon. These three seats, known collectively as the sedilia, are typically arranged side by side and recessed into the south wall of the chancel. They reflect the clerical hierarchy, with the priest occupying the highest and easternmost seat. Since the Second Vatican Council, the roles of deacon and subdeacon have been retained in the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite, as outlined in the 1962 Roman Missal.Symbolism and meaning
Although sedilia were primarily designed for practical demands in Mass, in the whole medieval development, it carried multiple symbolism and theological meanings. These archaeological components usually are a set of three seats in the chancel for the priest, deacon and subdeacon, which reflects both clerical hierarchy and significant visual symbolism of liturgical orders.English sedilia is gradually evolving from the primary and simple wall to structured and decorated architecture combination, which visually highlights clerical hierarchy of priest, deacon, and subdeacon. This direction arrangement is stepped from east to the west, with both utility and symbolic meaning, which brings the hierarchy into the chancel architecture with ecclesiastical order.
Cameron argues that sedilia presents the preference of British artistic symmetry and recessed ornament, whose standard appearance may also carry some symbolic meaning through visual rhymes and similarity. The sedilia tends to be placed near the altar, integrating with dado arcading as one, reflecting a kind of ritual architectural language bringing a sense of sanctity and order. In many churches, the sadilia is the most delicate and magnificent part, showing its significance in rituals.
Further evidence is provided for sadilia's symbolic functions with explanation of the painted art at Westminster Abbey. He pointed out that the figures in the Robert de Lisle Psalter are seemingly get impressed and influenced by the painted sedilia at Westminster, particularly in gestures, clothing and symbolic positioning. This performs that sedilia is not only a liturgical role, but also a visual patterns in religious authority and sincerity.
The appearance of decorations of sedilia further emphasized its symbolism. After the mid-13th century, triangular gables and structures like aedicules were used above the seats, which allowed the internal space of the churches to have significant micro architectural features. These elements highlighted the sacredness of the space around the clergy, visually deepening the idea of the chancel as a heavenly symbolized space. As Cameron proposed, these forms align with shrines, or reliquary-style architecture, transferring sedilia from pure seats to "tours de force of display", meanwhile evoking the imagination of salvation and Heavenly Jerusalem.
The evolution of symbolic meaning was closely related to the changing development of theology, in particular to the emphasis on the doctrine of Real Presence in the Eucharist. The easternmost seat symbolizes the role of Christ, making up the whole sedilia structure as the demonstration of sacramental authority. Cameron pointed out that in some cases, canopies or gables directly placed above the celebrant's seat are similar to altarpieces or reliquaries, making this seat itself equipped with a status as if a shrine.
Sedilia are often embedded into the southern wall of the altar, as well as conveyed more profound spiritual meanings. Inside the churches symbolic geography, the southern part of the altar would be related to lights and authorities. This position elevated the sacred identity of the clergy who were seated beyond them. The common stepped design of sedilia, where the seats descend from east to west, further demonstrates the spatial higher and lower hierarchicy.
Sedilia seldom appeared in figurative iconography, but its architectural forms often interacted with the more extensive visual aspects of churches. For example, at Heckington in Lincolnshire, sedilia were grouped into a sculptural system that includes the saints and canopy figures, allowing the clergy seated below to theologically and visually align with the celestial community above. It further intensified the clergy as the intermediaries between the earth and the divine.
The aesthetic treatment of sedilia also follows the change of liturgies and artistic styles. Since the mid-13th century, the Rayonnant style preferred by Paris, France with delicacy, magnificence and small-scale have influenced the English sedilia designs. According to Camron's analysis, the chase of micro-architectural complexity did not wrongly conceptualize liturgical furniture, especially objects related to sedilia, where they were not deemed as purely practical tools, but as theological components participating in the construction of sacred Mass dramas.