Reichenau Glossary
The Reichenau Glossary is a collection of Latin glosses likely compiled in the 8th century in northern France to assist local clergy in understanding certain words or expressions found in the Vulgate Bible. They constitute an important document in Romance linguistics, particularly Gallo-Romance.
Background
Over the centuries Jerome’s translation of the Bible became more difficult to read for novice clergy as a result of the various grammatical, lexical, and phonological changes that Latin was experiencing in the course of its evolution into Romance. To facilitate interpretation, scribes would put together glossaries or collected explanations of words or phrases found in the Vulgate. The words used as glosses tended to be those that were destined to survive in Romance, whilst the words that needed glossing generally were not.What we now know as the Reichenau Glossary was compiled circa the eighth century at the Abbey of Corbie in Picardy. From there it eventually found its way to the Abbey of Reichenau, in southern Germany, where it was found in 1863 by the philologist Adolf Hotzmann.
Selected entries
| Term found in Vulgate | Meaning | Descendants | Gloss | Origin | Descendants | |
| abdito | hidden./ | — | absconso | Attested variant of CL abscondito 'hidden', a cognate of abdito. | PR. OFr. escons OOcc. escos Cat. escòs OSp. escuso OPt. escuso Vnz. sconto It. ascoso Ro. ascuns | |
| abio | go_away. | — | uado | Vado meant 'hurry, rush' in CL. | PR. */ˈβao/ OFr. vois Fr. vais Cat. vaig Occ. vau Sp. voy Ast. vo Pt. vou Vnz. vago Vgl. vis It. vado Nap. vaco | |
| abgetarii | woodworkers | — | carpentarii | CL for 'wagon makers'. | PR. */karpenˈtarʲi/nom OFr. charpentier | |
| abgetarii | woodworkers | — | carpentarii | CL for 'wagon makers'. | PR. */karpenˈtarʲos/acc Fr. charpentiers Occ. carpentièrs Sp. carpinteros Pt. carpinteiros | |
| absintio | wormwood./ | PR. */apˈsɪntʲo/ OFr. assenz OOcc. aussen Sp. ajenjo, asenjo Ast. axenxu Vgl. ascianz OIt. assenzo | aloxino | Greek ἀλόη όξίνης 'bitter aloe'. | PR. */aˈlɔksɪna/ Fr. aluine OSp. alosna Pt. alosna | |
| adolescentia | youth | — | iuuentus | CL synonym. | PR. */jʊˈβɛntu/ OFr. jovent Occ. jovent Cat. jovent | |
| aculeus | stinger | — | aculeonis | Derivative based on CL aculeus + -o, -onis, originally a noun-forming suffix but serving here merely as an extender. Note the Gallo-Romance analogical nominative in place of the expected *aculeo. | PR. */akuˈlʲone/ Fr. aiguillon Occ. agulhon Sp. aguijón Ast. guiyón Glc. aguillón | |
| aes | bronze | — | eramen | Derivative based on aer- + -men, originally a noun-forming suffix but serving here merely as an extender. Attested in the fourth-century Codex Theodosianus. | PR. */aˈramen/ Fr. airain Occ. aram Cat. aram Ast. arame Pt. arame Rms. arom It. rame Ro. aramă Srd. ràmene | |
| aes | bronze | — | eramen | Derivative based on aer- + -men, originally a noun-forming suffix but serving here merely as an extender. Attested in the fourth-century Codex Theodosianus. | PR. */aˈramɪne/ Sp. alambre | |
| ager | field | PR. */ˈaɡru/ Occ. agre Pie. aire It. agro Ro. agru 'field, land' | campus | Already a near-synonym in CL. | PR. */ˈkampʊs/nom OFr. chans | |
| ager | field | PR. */ˈaɡru/ Occ. agre Pie. aire It. agro Ro. agru 'field, land' | campus | Already a near-synonym in CL. | PR. */ˈkampu/acc Fr. champ Occ. camp Cat. camp Sp. campo Ast. campu Pt. campo Rms. champ Vgl. cuomp It. campo Nap. campo Srd. campo Ro. câmp | |
| annuant | nod.. | — | cinnant | Verb based on LL cinnus 'wink', a word of obscure origin. | PR. */ˈkɪnnant/ OFr. cenent OOcc. cenan Pt. acenam+pref It. accennano+pref | |
| anxiaretur | worry.... | OIt. ansia Sp. ansia Pt. ansia 'eagerly await' | angustiaretur | LL verb based on CL angustia 'tribulations, difficulties'. | PR. */anˈɡʊstʲat/ Fr. angoisse Occ. angoissa Cat. angoixa It. angoscia | |
| aper | boar | PR. */ˈapru/ Srd. porcapru | saluaticus porcus | Periphrase, lit. 'wild pig'. | PR. */ˈpɔrkʊs salˈβatɪkʊs/nom OFr. pors salvadges | |
| aper | boar | PR. */ˈapru/ Srd. porcapru | saluaticus porcus | Periphrase, lit. 'wild pig'. | PR. */ˈpɔrku salˈβatɪku/acc Fr. porc sauvage Occ. pòrc salvatge Cat. porc salvatge Rms. portg selvadi Vgl. puarc salvutic It. porco salvatico Ro. porc sălbatic | |
| arbusta | orchards | — | arbricellus | Rendering of *arboriscellus, a postclassical compound based on CL arbor, arboris 'tree' + -cellus, a conflation of CL -culus and -ellus, both diminutive-forming suffixes. | PR. */arborɪsˈkɛllu/ Fr. arbrisseau Occ. arbrissèl 'shrubbery' It. arboscello 'sapling' | |
| area | threshing-floor | PR. */ˈarʲa/ Fr. aire Occ. ièra Cat. era Sp. Ast. era Pt. eira It. aia Ro. arie | danea | Frankish *dannja. | Wal. dègne | |
| arena | sand | PR. */aˈrena/ OFr. areine Occ. arena Cat. arena Sp. arena Ast. areña Pt. areia It. rena Nap. rena Srd. rena ORo. arină ARo. arinã | sabulo | CL for 'gravel'. | PR. */saˈblone/ Fr. sablon Occ. sablon Cat. sauló Sp. sablón Rms. sablun Vgl. salbaun It. sabbione IRo. salbun | |
| armilla | bracelet | PR. */arˈmɪlla/ Sp. armella | baucus | Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *baugaz. | OFr. bou | |
| atram | black... | — | nigram | Nearly synonymous with atram in CL and replaced the latter in LL. | PR. */ˈnɪɡra/ Fr. noire Gsc. nera Occ. negra Cat. negra Sp. negra Pt. negra Pie. neira Rms. naire Vgl. niara It. nera Nap. neura Ro. neagră | |
| axis | axle | PR. */ˈakse/ Fr. ais 'plank' Occ. ais Cat. eix Sp. eje Ast. exa Pt. eixo It. asse 'beam, axle' | ascialis | An attempt to render *axialis, a postclassical compound based on CL axis 'axle' + -alis, originally an adjective-forming suffix. | PR. */akˈsale/ OFr. aissel | |
| axis | axle | PR. */ˈakse/ Fr. ais 'plank' Occ. ais Cat. eix Sp. eje Ast. exa Pt. eixo It. asse 'beam, axle' | ascialis | An attempt to render *axialis, a postclassical compound based on CL axis 'axle' + -alis, originally an adjective-forming suffix. | PR. */akˈsile/ Fr. essieu | |
| benignitate | kindness. | — | bonitate | Often had this sense in CL. | PR. */bonɪˈtate/ Fr. bonté Occ. bontat Cat. bontat Sp. bondad Pt. bondade OIt. bontade It. bontà Ro. bunătate | |
| binas | in_pairs... | — | duas et duas | Periphrase, literally 'two and two'. | Fr. deux à deux Sp. de dos en dos Pt. de dois em dois It. due a due | |
| calamus | reed-pen | PR. */ˈkalamu/ Fr. chaume 'stubble, thatch' Fr. calame 'reed-pen' | penna | CL for 'feather', reflecting a change in the usual writing implement by late antiquity. | PR. */ˈpɪnna/ OFr. pene Pt. pena It. penna Sic. pinna Ro. peană | |
| callidior | devious. | — | uitiosior | Comparative form of CL uitiosus 'wicked, corrupt'. | PR. */βɪˈtʲosu/ OFr. voisos Occ. viciós Cat. viciós 'depraved' It. vezzoso 'charming' | |
| calumpniam | slander. | PR. */kaˈlʊmnʲa/ OFr. chalonge OOcc. calonja OSp. caloña OPt. coima | contentio | CL for 'quarrel, dispute'. | PR. */tenˈtʲone/-pref OOcc. tensón | |
| calx | heel | PR. */'kalke/ OPt. couce Glc. couce Pt. coice OSp. coçe Sp. coz 'kick' | calcaneum | Compound based on calx + -aneus, originally an adjective-forming suffix but now serving merely as an extender. | PR. */kalˈkanʲu/ OFr. calcain Gsc. caucanh Cat. calcani OSp. calanno Ast. calcañu Rms. chalchagn It. calcagno Srd. carcanzu ARo. cãlcãnju Ro. călcâi | |
| caminum | furnace. | PR. */kaˈminu/ Rms. chamin Vgl. camain It. camino | clibanum | A late borrowing of Greek κλίβανος. Did not survive in Romance. | — | |
| cartallo | basket./ | — | panario | CL for 'breadbasket'. | PR. */paˈnarʲu/ Fr. panier Occ. panièr Sp. panero Pt. paneiro OIt. panaio Nap. panaro | |
| caseum | cheese. | PR. */ˈkasʲu/ Sp. queso Pt. queijo Vgl. chis Tsc. cascio Nap. caso Srd. casu Ro. caș | formaticum | Compound based on CL forma 'mould' + -aticus, a derivational suffix that became especially popular in Gallo-Romance. The original sense here appears to have been 'that which is made in a mould'. | Fr. fromage Occ. formatge Cat. formatge | |
| caseum | cheese. | PR. */kaˈsʲɔlu/dim Rms. chaschöl | formaticum | Compound based on CL forma 'mould' + -aticus, a derivational suffix that became especially popular in Gallo-Romance. The original sense here appears to have been 'that which is made in a mould'. | Fr. fromage Occ. formatge Cat. formatge | |
| crastro | barracks./ | PR. */ˈkastru/ Sp. castro Pt. castro | heribergo | Frankish *heriberga. | OFr. herberge Occ. albèrgo | |
| cementarii | stonecutters | Fr. cimentiers | mationes | Frankish *makjo. Note the free interchange, before a following vowel, of and, both representing . | Fr. maçons Occ. maçons | |
| cementariis | stonecutters./ | Fr. cimentiers | macionibus | Frankish *makjo. Note the free interchange, before a following vowel, of and, both representing . | Fr. maçons Occ. maçons | |
| cenacula | chambers | — | mansiunculas | LL diminutive of CL mansio 'lodging'. | PR. */maˈsʲones/-dim Fr. maisons Occ. maisons Sp. mesónes OPt. meijãoes Vgl. mošune It. magioni 'houses' Srd. masones herds' | |
| cesis | beaten./. | — | flagellatis | CL for 'whipped'. | PR. */flaɡelˈlatos/ OFr. flaelez Fr. flaggelés | |
| cibaria | food | — | cibus uiuendi | A phrase reminiscent of Proto-Romance *uiuanda 'food', an alteration of CL uiuenda 'that which is necessary for life'. | PR. */βiˈβanda/ Fr. viande 'meat' Occ. vianda Ast. vianda 'meal' It. vivanda 'food' | |
| cibaria | food | — | cibus uiuendi | A phrase reminiscent of Proto-Romance *uiuanda 'food', an alteration of CL uiuenda 'that which is necessary for life'. | PR. */βiˈβɛnda/ Sp. vivienda Pt. vivenda 'residence, housing' | |
| clibanus | oven | — | furnus | The more usual CL word. | PR. */ˈfʊrnu/acc Fr. four Occ. forn Cat. forn Ara. furno Sp. horno Ast. fornu Pt. forno Rms. furn It. forno Nap. fuorno Srd. furru ARo. furnu | |
| cliuium | hill. | — | montania | Rendering of *montanea, a postclassical compound based on CL mont- + -anea, originally an adjective-forming suffix but now serving merely as an extender. | PR. */monˈtanʲa/ Fr. montagne Occ. montanha Cat. muntanya Sp. montaña Pt. montanha Rms. muntogna It. montagna Nap. muntagna | |
| coccinus | scarlet | — | rubeus | CL for 'red'. | PR. */ˈrʊβʲʊs/nom OFr. roges | |
| coccinus | scarlet | — | rubeus | CL for 'red'. | PR. */ˈrʊβʲu/acc Fr. rouge Gsc. arrui Occ. roge Cat. roig Ara. roio Sp. rubio Ast. roxu Pt. ruivo Pie. rubi It. robbio Srd. rubiu Ro. roib | |
| colliridam | pastry. | — | turtam | Already attested in the first-century Vindolanda tablets. Presumably from torta 'twisted', in reference to the shape of the pastry. | PR. */ˈtʊrta/ Fr. tourte Occ. torta Sp. torta Rms. turta Vgl. turta It. torta Srd. turta Ro. turtă | |
| commutatione | exchange. | — | concambiis | Late borrowing of Gaulish *cambion. The glosser has added the prefix con- by analogy with commutatione. | PR. */ˈkambʲu/-pref Fr. change Occ. cambi Cat. canvi Sp. cambio Pt. cambio It. cambio Ro. schimb | |
| compellit | urge. | — | anetset | Frankish *anhattian. | OFr. anecet OIt. anizza OPt. anaça | |
| concidit | cut.. | — | taliauit | Verb based on CL talea 'cutting from a plant'. | PR. */taˈlʲaut/ Fr. tailla Cat. tallà Sp. tajó Pt. talhou It. tagliò Ro. tăie | |
| contumeliam | belittlement. | — | uerecundiam | CL for 'shame, disgrace'. | PR. */βerˈɡʊnʲa/ Fr. vergogne Occ. vergonha Cat. vergonya OSp. verguenna Ast. vergoña Pt. vergonha It. vergogna Nap. vregogna | |
| contumeliam | belittlement. | — | uerecundiam | CL for 'shame, disgrace'. | PR. */βerˈɡʊndʲa/ Occ. vergunja Sp. vergüenza OPt. vergonça Lmb. vargonja Srd. brigunza | |
| coturnices | quail. | PR. */kotʊrˈnikes/ Sp. codornizes Pt. codornizes OIt. cotornici | quacoles | Onomatopoeic. | PR. */ˈkʷakkolas/ Fr. cailles Occ. calhas Cat. guatles Rib. guallas Rms. quacras It. quaglie | |
| coturnices | quail. | PR. */kotʊrˈniklas/dim Ro. potârnichi 'partridges' | quacoles | Onomatopoeic. | PR. */ˈkʷakkolas/ Fr. cailles Occ. calhas Cat. guatles Rib. guallas Rms. quacras It. quaglie | |
| scabrones | hornets | PR. */karaˈbrones/ Pt. cambrãos It. calabroni | uuapces | Frankish *wapsa. | Fr. guêpes | |
| crebro | sieve. | — | criuolo | The same word after liquid dissimilation. The extra appears to be a hypercorrection. | PR. */ˈkriβru/ Fr. crible Ara. gribafem Sp. cribo Pt. crivo Pie. cribi Lmb. cribi Srd. chilibru Ro. ciur | |
| crebro | sieve. | — | criuolo | The same word after liquid dissimilation. The extra appears to be a hypercorrection. | PR. */kriˈβɛllu/dim Gsc. crièth Occ. crivèl Cat. garbell It. crivello | |
| crura | shins | — | tibia | Had this sense in CL as well. | PR. */ˈtiβʲa/ Fr. tige 'stem' | |
| culmen | peak | PR. */ˈkʊlmen/ It. colmo Ast. cume, cuelmu Pt. cume Ro. culme | spicus | Attested Classical variant of spica 'point' or 'ear of grain'. | PR. */sˈpiku/acc Fr. épi Occ. espic Frl. spi Ro. spic | |
| culmen | peak | PR. */ˈkʊlmɪne/ Sp. cumbre | spicus | Attested Classical variant of spica 'point' or 'ear of grain'. | PR. */sˈpika/fem Occ. espiga Cat. espiga Sp. espiga Pt. espiga Vgl. spaica It. spiga Srd. ispica | |
| cuncti | all. | — | omnes | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈɔmnes/ OIt. onni | |
| da | give.. | PR. */ˈda/ Gsc. da Ara. da Sp. da Pt. dá Rms. dai Vgl. du It. dà Srd. da Ro. dă | dona | CL synonym and cognate that became more popular in Gallo-Romance. | PR. */ˈdona/ Fr. donne Occ. dona Cat. dona Ara. dona | |
| denudare | lay_bare. | PR. */dɪsnuˈdare/ Fr. dénuer 'deprive' Sp. desnudar Ast. esnudar Pt. desnudar 'undress' | discooperire | Compound based on CL dis- + cooperire 'cover up'. | PR. */dɪskopeˈrire/ Fr. découvrir Occ. descobrir Cat. descobrir Sp. descubrir Pt. descobrir Pie. descörve It. discoprire Ro. descoperire | |
| detestare | revile. | — | blasphemare | A late borrowing of Greek βλασφημέειν 'id.' | PR. */blasteˈmare/ Fr. blâmer Occ. blaimar Cat. blasmar Sp. lastimar Pt. lastimar Vgl. blasmur OIt. biastemmiare Srd. brastimar Ro. blestemare | |
| dilecta | love... | — | amata | CL synonym in this context. | PR. */aˈmata/ OFr. amede Fr. aimée Occ. aimada Cat. amada Ara. amata Sp. amada Pt. amada Vnz. amà It. amata Srd. amada | |
| ducta | lead... | PR. */ˈdʊkta/ OFr. duite OOcc. ducha Cat. duita OSp. ducha OIt. dotta Ro. dusă | menata | Past participle of minare, a regularization of the CL deponent minari 'threaten', with the sense evolution apparently in reference to yelling at livestock to make them move along. | PR. */mɪˈnata/ OFr. menede Fr. menée Occ. menada Cat. menada Ara. menata It. menata Ro. mânată | |
| emit | buy.. | — | comparauit | Meant 'obtain' in CL. | PR. */kompaˈraut/ OFr. comprat Gsc. crompá Cat. comprà Sp. compró Pt. comprou It. comprò Ro. cumpără 'bought' | |
| ensis | sword | — | gladius | More usual CL synonym. | PR. */ˈɡlajʊs~ˈɡladʊs/nom OFr. glais 'sword-lily' | |
| ensis | sword | — | gladius | More usual CL synonym. | PR. */ˈɡlaju~ˈɡladu/acc Fr. glai 'sword-lily' OOcc. glazi It. ghiado 'sword' | |
| escas | food.. | PR. */ˈɛskas/ Fr. esches Occ. escas Cat. esques Sp. yescas Ast. esques, ezques Pt. escas 'bait' It. esche 'bait, tinder' Ro. iești 'tinder' | cibos | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈkɪβos/ Sp. cebos Pt. cevos 'bait' | |
| exacerbauerunt | irritate.. | — | exasperauerunt | CL synonym. The unprefixed version apparently survived in Proto-Romance as asprire, with a change in conjugation. | PR. */asˈprirʊnt/-pref OFr. asprirent OIt. asprirono | |
| exaurire | drain. | — | scauare | CL excauare 'hollow out, empty', from ex- + cauare, a verb based on cauus 'hollow, empty'. | PR. */skaˈβare/ OFr. eschaver Occ. escavar Sp. escavar Pt. escavar Rms. stgavar It. scavare | |
| exterminabit | uproot.. | — | eradicabit | CL synonym. | PR. */eradiˈkare/ Fr. arracher Gsc. arrigar OOcc. arazigar Ast. arriar Glc. arrigar Ro. ridicare | |
| exuerunt | strip_away.. | — | expoliauerunt | CL synonym. | PR. */spoˈlʲarʊnt/ OFr. espoillierent It. spogliarono OSp. espojaron Glc. esbollaron | |
| faretra | arrow-case | — | teca sagittarum | Periphrase, lit. 'container for arrows'. Theca was a Classical borrowing of Greek θήκη 'container', while sagitta was the native Latin term for 'arrow'. | PR. */ˈteka/ Fr. taie 'pillowcase' It. tega 'pod' Ro. teacă 'case, sheath' | |
| faretra | arrow-case | — | teca sagittarum | Periphrase, lit. 'container for arrows'. Theca was a Classical borrowing of Greek θήκη 'container', while sagitta was the native Latin term for 'arrow'. | PR. */saˈɡɪttas/ OFr. saietes Occ. sagetas Cat. sagetes Sp. saetas Pt. setas OIt. saette Srd. saittas Ro. săgeți | |
| faretra | arrow-case | — | cupra | Frankish loan, cf. German Köcher. | OFr. cuivre | |
| fatigatus | tired | — | lassus | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈlassʊs/ Fr. las Occ. las | |
| femur | thigh | — | coxa | CL for 'hip'. | PR. */ˈkɔksa/ Fr. cuisse Occ. cuèissa Cat. cuixa Sp. cuja Pt. cuxa Pie. cheussa Rms. cossa Vgl. copsa It. coscia Srd. cossa Ro. coapsă | |
| femur | thigh | — | cingolo | Meant 'belt' in CL. | PR. */ˈkɪnɡla/ OFr. cengle Fr. sangle Occ. cengla Cat. cengle Pt. cilha Vnz. senghia It. cinghia | |
| femur | thigh | — | cingolo | Meant 'belt' in CL. | PR. */ˈklɪnɡa/ Nap. chienga Ro. chingă | |
| ferus | savage | PR. */ˈfɛrʊs/nom OFr. fiers 'proud' | durus | CL for 'harsh, severe'. | PR. */ˈdurʊs/nom OFr. durs Rms. dirs | |
| ferus | savage | PR. */ˈfɛru/acc Fr. fier 'proud' Cat. fer 'ugly' It. fiero 'proud' Sp. fiero 'wild' | durus | CL for 'harsh, severe'. | PR. */ˈduru/acc Fr. dur Occ. dur Cat. dur Sp. duro Pt. duro Lmb. dur Rms. dir Vgl. doir It. duro | |
| feruet | boil. | PR. */ˈfɛrβet/ Sp. hierve Pt. ferve Ro. fierbe 'id.' It. ferve 'has a fever' | bullit | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈbʊllɪt/ OFr. bolt Fr. bout Occ. bolhe Cat. bulle Sp. bulle 'id.' Pt. bule 'fidgets' It. bole Nap. vodde Srd. buddit 'id.' | |
| fex | dregs | — | lias | Gaulish *ligas. | Fr. lies | |
| flare | blow. | — | suflare | CL synonym. | PR. */sʊfˈflare/ Fr. souffler Occ. soflar Ara. soflar OSp. sollar Ast. asollar Pt. soprar Rms. suflar It. soffiare Ro. suflare | |
| flasconem | flask. | OFr. flascon Fr. flacon Occ. flascon Cat. flascó Sp. frasco Pt. frasco It. fiasco | buticulam | Diminutive of butis~buttis 'cask', a late borrowing of Greek βοῦττις. | PR. */bʊtˈtɪkla/ Fr. bouteille Occ. botelha | |
| fletur | weep.. | — | planctur | CL for 'there is mourning'. | PR. */ˈplanɡere/inf Fr. plaindre Occ. planher Cat. plànyer OSp. llanner OPt. changer Vnz. piànzar Vgl. plungro It. piangere Nap. chiagne Sic. chiànciri Srd. prangere Ro. plângere | |
| forum | marketplace | PR. */ˈfɔru/ OFr. fuer Fr. fur 'extent' Sp. fuero 'law' Ro. for 'plaza' | mercatum | CL synonym in this context. | PR. */merˈkatu/ OFr. marchiet Fr. marché Occ. mercat Cat. mercat Sp. mercado Pt. mercado Rms. marchà Vnz. marcà It. mercato Srd. mercadu | |
| framea | type of sword | — | gladius bisacutus | Lit. 'double-edged sword'. Bisacutus is a compound based on CL bis 'twice' + acutus 'sharpened'. For descendants of gladius 'sword', see entry for ensis. | PR. */bɪsaˈkuta/ Fr. besaiguë 'carpenter's tool with two sides' It. bisacuta 'double-edged' | |
| furent | steal.. | PR. */ˈfurent/ It. furino Ro. fure | involent | CL for 'sweep down, carry off'. | PR. */ˈɪmβolent/ OFr. emblent OOcc. emblen OCat. emblen | |
| furent | steal.. | PR. */ˈfurent/ It. furino Ro. fure | involent | CL for 'sweep down, carry off'. | PR. */ɪmˈβolent/ It. involino | |
| furuus | brown | — | brunus | Frankish *brūn. | Fr. brun Occ. brun Cat. bru Sp. bruno Pt. bruno Rms. brun Vgl. broin It. bruno | |
| fusiles | melt... | — | fundutas | Postclassical past participle of fundere 'melt'. | PR. */fʊnˈdutas/ Fr. fondues Occ. fondudas OIt. fondute 'melted' | |
| galea | helmet | — | helmus | Frankish *helm. | OFr. helmeacc Fr. heaume Sp. yelmo Pt. elmo It. elmo | |
| genuit | give_birth.. | — | generauit | CL synonym. | PR. */ɡeneˈraut/ OFr. gendrat Fr. engendra+pref Gsc. engendrá+pref Cat. engendrà+pref Sp. engendró+pref Pt. gerou | |
| gratia | thanks | — | merces | CL for 'goods, wages'. | PR. */merˈkede/ OFr. mercit Fr. merci Occ. mercé 'mercy, thanks' Sp. merced Pt. mercê 'mercy' OIt. mercé 'thanks' It. mercede 'mercy' | |
| abenas | reins. | — | retinacula iumentorum | Periphrase, lit. 'reins for pack animals'. CL retinacula 'reins' is reminiscent of Proto-Romance *retina 'id.', a deverbal of retinere 'hold back'. | PR. */ˈrɛtɪnas/ OFr. rednes~resnes Fr. rênes Occ. retnas Cat. regnes Sp. riendas Pt. rédeas It. redine | |
| abenas | reins. | — | retinacula iumentorum | Periphrase, lit. 'reins for pack animals'. CL retinacula 'reins' is reminiscent of Proto-Romance *retina 'id.', a deverbal of retinere 'hold back'. | PR. */juˈmɛntu/ Fr. jument 'mare' OSp. iumiento Sp. jumento Ast. xumentu Pt. jumento It. giumento Nap. jummèntafem 'pack animal' | |
| arundine | reed. | — | ros | Frankish *rausa. | OFr. ros Occ. raus | |
| arundine | reed. | — | ros | Frankish *rausa. | OFr. roseldim Fr. roseau | |
| ebitatum | weaken... | — | bulcatum | Past participle of *bullicare, a compound based on CL bullire 'boil' + -icare, a verb-forming suffix. | PR. */bʊllɪˈkatu/ OFr. bolgiet Fr. bougé Occ. bolegat Cat. bellugat Ara. esbolligato+pref 'stirred, agitated' It. bulicato 'boiled' | |
| iacinctinas | hyacinth.... | PR. */jaˈkintu/ Fr. jacinthefem Occ. jacint Cat. jacint | persas | Ultimately from Persia, perhaps because garments imported from there had this color. | Fr. perse | |
| hiems | winter | — | ibernus | Nominalization of CL hibernus 'wintry', an adjective derived from hiems. | PR. */imˈβɛrnʊs/nom OFr. ivers OOcc. iverns | |
| hiems | winter | — | ibernus | Nominalization of CL hibernus 'wintry', an adjective derived from hiems. | PR. */imˈβɛrnu/acc OFr. ivern Fr. iver Occ. ivèrn Cat. hivern Sp. invierno Ast. iviernu Pt. invernu Rms. inviern Vgl. inviarno It. inverno Srd. iberru Ro. iarnăfem | |
| horreis | granaries./ | PR. */ˈorrʲu/ Cat. orri Ast. horru Srd. orriu | spicariis | Compound based on CL spica 'ear of grain' + -arium 'place for keeping'. | PR. */spiˈkarʲu/ OWal. spir 'room for provisions' Grm. Speicher 'granary' | |
| iacere | throw. | — | iactare | CL frequentative of iacere. | PR. */jekˈtare/ Fr. jeter Occ. getar Cat. gitar Ara. chitar Sp. echar It. gettare Nap. jettà Srd. ghettare ORo. iepta | |
| ictus | strike | PR. */ˈɪktu/acc Pt. eito | colpus | CL borrowing of Greek κόλαφος. | PR. */ˈkɔlpʊs/nom OFr. cols | |
| ictus | strike | PR. */ˈɪktu/acc Pt. eito | colpus | CL borrowing of Greek κόλαφος. | PR. */ˈkɔlpu/acc OFr. colp Fr. coup Occ. còp Cat. cop It. colpo | |
| id | it. | — | hoc | CL for 'this'. | PR. */ˈɔk/ OFr. uec Occ. o'' Cat. ho 'this' Occ. òc OCat. oc 'yes' | |
| iecore | liver. | PR. */jeˈkʷarʲa/ Pt. iguaria 'delicacies' | ficato | CL ficatum 'foie gras', lit. 'fig-fattened liver', calqued from Greek συκωτόν. | PR. */ˈfɪkatu/ Fr. foie Ast. fégadu It. fegato | |
| iecore | liver. | PR. */jeˈkʷarʲa/ Pt. iguaria 'delicacies' | ficato | CL ficatum 'foie gras', lit. 'fig-fattened liver', calqued from Greek συκωτόν. | PR. */fiˈkatu/ Frl. fiât Ro. ficat | |
| iecore | liver. | PR. */jeˈkʷarʲa/ Pt. iguaria 'delicacies' | ficato | CL ficatum 'foie gras', lit. 'fig-fattened liver', calqued from Greek συκωτόν. | PR. */ˈfikatu/ Sp. higado Pt. figato Rms. fio Nap. ficato Srd. ficadu | |
| iecore | liver. | PR. */jeˈkʷarʲa/ Pt. iguaria 'delicacies' | ficato | CL ficatum 'foie gras', lit. 'fig-fattened liver', calqued from Greek συκωτόν. | PR. */ˈfɪtaku/ Occ. fetge Cat. fetge Pie. fidic Lmb. fideg | |
| indutus | dress.. | — | uestitus | CL synonym. | PR. */βesˈtitu/acc OFr. vestit Occ. vestit Cat. vestit Ara. vestito Sp. vestido Pt. vestido Vgl. vestiat It. vestito Srd. bestiu | |
| indutus | dress.. | — | uestitus | CL synonym. | PR. */βesˈtutu/acc OFr. vestut Fr. vêtu OIt. vestuto | |
| institis | bandages. | — | fasciolis | CL synonym. | PR. */fasˈkʲɔlas/ OIt. fasciuole Ro. fâșioare | |
| institis | bandages. | — | nasculis | Frankish *nastila. | OFr. nasles Wal. nâles It. nastrimasc | |
| insultaret | offend... | — | inganaret | Based on CL gannire 'snarl' with a prefix and a change in conjugation. | PR. */ɪnɡanˈnare/ OFr. enjaner Occ. enganar Cat. enganyar Sp. engañar It. ingannare Ro. îngânare | |
| isset | go... | PR. */ˈisset/ Ara. isse Lad. jissa OIt. gisse Nap. jesse Ro. ise | ambulasset | CL for 'walk'. | PR. */amˈblasset/ OFr. alast Fr. alât Sp. amblase It. ambiasse Ro. umblase | |
| ita | yes | — | sic | Already used in the sense of 'yes' in Old Latin. | PR. */ˈsik/ Fr. si Occ. si 'actually, yes' Cat. sí Sp. sí Pt. sim Rms. schi It. sì 'yes' Ro. și 'and' | |
| iuger | acre | — | iornalis | Rendering of *diurnalis, a postclassical compound based on CL diurnus 'daily' + -alis, an adjective-forming suffix. In France this term developed the sense of 'land that can be worked by oxen in a day'. | PR. */jʊrˈnale/ OFr. jornal 'journal, measure of land' Fr. journal Occ. jornal It. giornale 'journal' | |
| iugulate | kill.. | PR. */jʊˈɡlatɪs/ Ro. junghiați | occidite | CL synonym | See necetur. | |
| ius | law | PR. */ˈjure/ OSp. jur OPt. jur It. giure | legem | CL near-synonym. | PR. */ˈleɡe/ OFr. lei Fr. loi Occ. lei Cat. llei Sp. ley Pt. lei Pie. lege Vgl. lig It. legge OSrd. leghe Ro. lege | |
| ius | law | PR. */ˈjure/ OSp. jur OPt. jur It. giure | potestatem | CL for 'power, authority'. | PR. */potesˈtate/ OFr. podestet OOcc. pozestat OIt. podestade It. podestà | |
| labium | tub | — | conca | Could designate a sort of vessel in CL, but the main sense was 'shell'. Borrowed from Greek κόγχη. | PR. */ˈkɔnka/ Fr. conche Occ. conca Cat. conca Sp. cuenca Ast. conca It. conca 'basin, watershed' Srd. conca 'head' | |
| lamento | wail. | — | ploro | CL for 'weep'. | PR. */ˈploro/ OFr. plour Fr. pleure Occ. plori Cat. ploro Rib. plloro Ara. ploro Sp. lloro Ast. lloro Pt. choro Pie. piur OIt. pioro | |
| laterum | bricks.. | — | teularum | CL for 'roof-tiles'. | PR. */ˈteɡʊlas/ OFr. tiules~''teilles Fr. tuiles Occ. teulas Cat. teules Sp. tejas Ast. teya Pt. telhas Vgl. tacle It. tegole Srd. téulas 'tiles' Tsc. tegghie It. teglie 'baking-trays' | |
| lebes | boiler | — | chaldaria | LL compound based on CL calid- + -aria, a noun-forming suffix. | PR. */kalˈdarʲa/ OFr. chaldiere Fr. chaudière Gsc. caudera Cat. caldera Sp. caldera Pt. caldeira Vgl. caldira It. caldaia Ro. căldare | |
| leua | left... | — | sinistra | CL synonym. | PR. */sɪˈnɛstra/ Fr. senestre Occ. senèstra OSp. siniestra OPt. sẽestra Rms. saniestra OIt. sinestra | |
| liberos | children. | — | infantes | CL for 'babies'. | PR. */ɪnˈfantes/ Fr. enfants Occ. enfants Cat. infants 'id.' OSp. ifantes OPt. ifantes 'heirs-apparent' Rms. uffants It. fanti 'infantry' | |
| litus | shore | PR. */ˈlitu/ It. lido | ripa | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈripa/ Fr. rive Occ. riba Cat. riba Sp. riba Pt. riba Rms. riva Vgl. raipa It. riva Ro. râpă | |
| ludebant | play.. | — | iocabant | Regularization of the CL deponent verb iocari 'jest, joke'. | PR. */joˈkaβant/ OFr. joevent Fr. jouaient Occ. jogavan Cat. jugaven Ara. chugaban Sp. jugaban Pt. jogavam Rms. giogavan Vgl. jocua It. giocavano Ro. jucau | |
| luto | mud./ | PR. */ˈlʊtu/ It. loto Sp. lodo Pt. lodo Ro. lut Srd. lutu | fecis | CL for 'dregs, sediment'. | PR. */ˈfɛkes/ It. feci Sp. heces Ast. fieces Pt. fezes | |
| mala punica | pomegranates | — | mala granata | Periphrase, lit. 'seeded apples'. | PR. */mɪlaɡraˈnata/ Occ. milgrana Cat. magrana Ara. mengrana OSp. milgrana Sp. granada Pt. granada It. melagrana | |
| malus | mast | — | mastus | Frankish *mast. | Fr. mât Occ. mast | |
| manipulos | bundles. | PR. */maˈnʊkli/nom OFr. manoil OIt. manocchi Ro. mănuchi | garbas | Frankish *garba. | Fr. gerbes Occ. garbas Cat. garbes Ara. garbas Lig. garbe | |
| manipulos | bundles. | PR. */maˈnʊklos/acc OFr. manoilz Cat. manolls Sp. manojos Ast. manoyos P |