Ergi
Ergi and argr are two Old Norse terms of insult, denoting effeminacy or other unmanly behaviour. Argr is "unmanly" and ergi is "unmanliness"; the terms have cognates in other Germanic languages such as ', ', arag, or arug.
''Ergi'' in the Viking Age
To accuse another man of being argr was called scolding and thus a legal reason to challenge the accuser in hólmganga. If hólmganga was refused by the accused, he could be outlawed as this refusal proved that the accuser was right and the accused was argr. Being proven to be an ergi or niðing was generally punished by becoming an outlaw in surviving law codes. If the accused fought successfully in hólmganga and had thus proven that he was not argr, the scolding was considered what was in Old English called eacan, an unjustified, severe defamation, and the accuser had to pay the offended party full compensation. The Gray Goose Laws states:The three words in the Grey Goose Laws that were regarded as equal to argr referred to the passive role of a man in sexual activities, being womanly, and being subservient. Another semantic belonging to argr, ragr and ergi was, from the Gray Goose, "being a sorcerer's friend"; ergi and its derivatives are often attested in the context of seiðr, as in Ynglinga saga. Some of the association between seiðr and ergi may have been that seiðr was seen as a woman's activity, which included prominent references to other gendered activities. Even respected men who took up seiðr might be insulted in connection to the idea of ergi, as Odin was in the Edda. While seiðr was often viewed negatively in surviving literature, all this literature comes from after Christianity took root in the region these terms and practices existed. There is an observable trend of increasing negativity in this literature as well. Together, these mean sieðr- and correspondingly, those called ergi- may not have been viewed negatively in pre-Christian northern Europe.
The negativity towards ergi do not indicate general homophobia was prevalent in Viking Age northern Europe. There are also no written records of how the northern people thought of homosexuality before societal conversion to Christianity. The sociologist David F. Greenberg points out:
Ergi was associated not just with sorcery, unmanliness, weakness, and effeminacy but also especially with lecherousness in the view of Old Scandinavian people during the Early and High Middle Ages. Ergi of females was defined as excessive lecherousness or promiscuity, and of males as perversity, effeminacy and the passive role within same-sex intercourse between men.
Saleby Runestone
Although no runic inscription uses the term ergi, runestone Vg 67 in Saleby, Sweden, includes a curse that anyone breaking the stone would become a rata, translated as a 'wretch', 'outcast', or 'warlock', and argri konu, which is translated as 'maleficent woman' in the dative. Here argri appears to be related to the practice of seiðr and represents the most loathsome term the runemaster could imagine calling someone.Modern usage
In modern Scandinavian languages, the lexical root arg- has assumed the meaning "angry", as in Swedish, Bokmål and Nynorsk ', or Danish '. Modern Icelandic has the derivation ergilegur, meaning "to seem/appear irritable", similar to Bokmål ergre, meaning "to irritate". In modern Faroese the adjective argur means "angry/annoyed" and the verb arga means to "taunt" or "bully". In modern Dutch, the word ' has become a fortifier equivalent to English very; the same is true for the old-fashioned adjective ' in German, which means "wicked", but has become a fortifier in the Austrian German. The meaning of the word in Old Norse has been preserved in loans into neighboring Finnic languages: Livonian ārga, Estonian ' and Finnish ', both meaning "cowardly".Some people involved in Heathenry use "ergi" as either an insult for queer men, male seiðr practitioners, or those perceived as "unmanly". Correspondingly, some male seiðr practitioners have reclaimed the word ergi. One male seiðr practitioner from Scotland who was interviewed by researchers noted that "ergi" was still used where he lived by the general public to refer to a man perceived as cowardly.