Native Indonesians


Native Indonesians, also known as Pribumi, are Indonesians whose ancestral roots lie mainly in the Indonesian archipelago and who belong to various ethnic groups, with the majority tracing their origins to Austronesian and Melanesian lineages. In contrast to pribumi are Indonesians with known foreign ancestry, such as Chinese Indonesians, Arab Indonesians, Indian Indonesians, Japanese Indonesians, and Indo-Europeans.

Etymology and historical context

The term pribumi was popularized after Indonesian independence as a respectful replacement for the Dutch colonial term inlander. It derives from Sanskrit terms pri and bhumi.
Following independence, the term was normally used to distinguish indigenous Indonesians from citizens of foreign descent. Common usage distinguished between pribumi and non-pribumi. Although the term is sometimes translated as "indigenous", it has a broader meaning than that associated with Indigenous peoples.
The term WNI keturunan asing, sometimes just WNI keturunan or even WNI, has also been used to designate non-pribumi Indonesians.
In practice, the usage of the term is fluid. Pribumi is seldom used to refer to Indonesians of Melanesian descent, such as Moluccans and Papuans, although it does not exclude them. Indonesians of Arab descent sometimes refer to themselves as pribumi. Indonesians with some exogenous ancestry who show no obvious signs of identification with that ancestry are seldom called non-pribumi.
The term putra daerah refers to a person who is indigenous to a specific locality or region.
In 1998, the Indonesian government of President B. J. Habibie instructed that neither pribumi nor non-pribumi should be used within the government because they promoted ethnic discrimination.
The Dutch East India Company, which dominated parts of the archipelago from the 17th century, classified its subjects mainly by religion, rather than ethnicity. The colonial administration which took power in 1815 shifted to a system of ethnic classification. Initially, they distinguished between Europeans and those equated with them and Inlanders and those equated with them.
Over time, natives were gradually shifted de facto into the Inlander category, while Chinese Indonesians, Arab Indonesians, and others of non-Indonesian descent were gradually given separate status as Vreemde Oosterlingen. The system was patriarchal, rather than formally racial. A child inherited his/her father's ethnicity if the parents were married; and the mother's ethnicity if they were unmarried. The offspring of a marriage between a European man and an Indonesian woman were legally European.
Today, the Indonesian dictionary defines pribumi as penghuni asli which translates into "original, native, or indigenous inhabitant".

Background

Pribumi make up about 95% of the Indonesian population. Using Indonesia's population estimate in 2006, this translates to about 230 million people. As an umbrella of similar cultural heritage among various ethnic groups in Indonesia, Pribumi culture plays a significant role in shaping the country's socioeconomic circumstances.
The United States Library of Congress Country Study of Indonesia defines Pribumi as follows:
There are over 600 ethnic groups in Indonesia.
The largest ethnic group in Indonesia is the Javanese people who make up 41% of the total population. The Javanese are concentrated on the island of Java but millions have migrated to other islands throughout the archipelago. The Sundanese, Malay, Batak, and Madurese are the next largest groups in the country. Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and the province of Papua, have only hundreds of members. Most of the local languages belong to the Austronesian language family, although a significant number, particularly in North Maluku, Timor, Alor, and West Papua, speak Papuan languages.
The division and classification of ethnic groups in Indonesia are not rigid and in some cases are unclear as the result of migrations, along with cultural and linguistic influences; for example, some may agree that the Bantenese and Cirebonese belong to different ethnic groups with their distinct dialect, however others might consider them to be Javanese sub-ethnicities, as members of the larger Javanese people. The same considerations may apply to the Baduy people who share so many similarities with the Sundanese people that they can be considered as belonging to the same ethnic group. The clearest example of hybrid ethnicity is the Betawi people, the result of a mixture of different native ethnicities that have merged with people of Arab, Chinese, and Indian origins since the era of colonial Batavia, as well as the population of Larantuka known as Topasses who were of mixed descent from the Malaccan Malays, the Lamaholot, and Portuguese.
The proportional populations of Native Indonesians according to the 2010 census is as follows:
Ethnic groupsPopulation PercentageMain regions
Javanese95.21740.2Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, Lampung, Jakarta
Sundanese31.76515.4West Java, Banten, Lampung
Malay8.7894.1Sumatra eastern coast, West Kalimantan
Batak8.4673.58North Sumatra
Madurese7.1793.03Madura island, East Java
Bugis6.0002.9South Sulawesi, East Kalimantan
Minangkabau5.5692.7West Sumatra, Riau
Betawi5.1572.5Jakarta, Banten, West Java
Banjarese4.8002.3South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan
Bantenese4.3312.1Banten, West Java
Acehnese4.0001.9Aceh
Balinese3.0941.5Bali
Dayak3.0091.5North Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan
Sasak3.0001.4West Nusa Tenggara
Makassarese2.0631.0South Sulawesi
Cirebonese1.8560.9West Java, Central Java

Smaller groups

The regions of Indonesia have some of their indigenous ethnic groups. Due to migration within Indonesia, there are significant populations of ethnic groups who reside outside of their traditional regions.