Andrzej Duda
Andrzej Sebastian Duda is a Polish lawyer and politician who served as the 6th president of Poland from 2015 to 2025. Before becoming president, he served as Member of the Sejm from 2011 to 2014 and as Member of the European Parliament from 2014 to 2015.
Born in Kraków, Duda ran in the 2015 presidential election as candidate for the Law and Justice party and defeated the incumbent president Bronisław Komorowski in a surprising and significant upset. In the first round of voting, he narrowly placed first but fell well short of the required absolute majority, finally winning in the second round of voting, receiving 51.55% of the vote. On 26 May 2015, Duda resigned his party membership as the president-elect.
As president, Duda heralded a political change in the country, paving the way for the sole rule of the PiS party after the 2015 parliamentary election in October, a political first in Poland. After PiS took power, he helped it consolidate its control over the state in what has been criticized as democratic backsliding.
In October 2019, Duda received the official support of PiS ahead of his re-election campaign in 2020. He finished first in the first round and then went on to defeat Rafał Trzaskowski in the runoff with 10,440,648 votes or 51.03% of the vote. Throughout his first and second terms, Duda has largely aligned himself with the right-wing ideologies espoused by PiS and its leader Jarosław Kaczyński. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Duda has played an important role in coordinating international efforts to support Ukraine's military.
Early life and education
Andrzej Sebastian Duda was born on 16 May 1972 in Kraków, to Janina and Jan Tadeusz Duda, professors at the AGH University of Science and Technology. His grandfather fought in the Polish–Soviet War and later was a member of the Home Army during the Second World War.Between 1987 and 1991, Duda attended Jan III Sobieski High School, Kraków, where he excelled in Humanities. He subsequently studied law at the Jagiellonian University, and earned a law degree. In 2001, he was appointed as a research assistant in the Department of Administrative Law of the Jagiellonian University's Faculty of Law and Administration. In January 2005, Duda earned a Doctor of Law degree at the Jagiellonian University. Due to his political career, he has been mostly on unpaid leave from the university since September 2006, except for a 13-month interval beginning in September 2010, when he returned to the university. Additionally, he was a lecturer at Mieszko I College of Education and Administration, Poznań.
Political career
Duda began his political career with the now defunct Freedom Union party in the early 2000s. After the parliamentary elections in 2005, he began his collaboration with the Law and Justice Party. He was an undersecretary of state in the Ministry of Justice between 2006 and 2007 before becoming a member of Polish State Tribunal from 2007 until 2008.From 2008 to 2010, during the presidency of Lech Kaczyński, Duda was an undersecretary of state in the Chancellery of the President. In 2010, he was an unsuccessful candidate to become the Mayor of Kraków as a PiS candidate, but was more successful in the 2011 parliamentary election, where he received 79,981 votes for the Kraków area, and thus became a member of the Sejm.
In September 2013, the news magazine Polityka commended Duda for being one of the most active members of parliament, describing him as being open to opposition arguments and as refraining from personal attacks, as part of his role at the Commission for Constitutional Responsibility. Duda remained a member of the Sejm until he was elected to the European Parliament in 2014.
2015 presidential campaign
As Bronisław Komorowski's presidential term was expiring, Komorowski was able to seek re-election in a scheduled presidential election. Duda was Komorowski's Law and Justice rival in the election.In the first round of the 2015 presidential election, Duda came first, receiving 5,179,092 votes and thus 34.76% of valid votes.
In the second round Duda took 51.55% of the vote against the 48.45% share of his rival, the incumbent president Bronisław Komorowski. On 26 May 2015, he officially resigned from party membership; recent precedent calls for the president to not be a formal member of a political party.
2020 presidential campaign
In the first round of the 2020 presidential election, Duda appeared to come in first, receiving almost 44% of the votes. Warsaw mayor Rafał Trzaskowski came in second, with just over 30% of the vote. The second round took place on 12 July. Duda won reelection with 51.03%.Presidency (2015–2025)
The first five-year term of Andrzej Duda began on 6 August 2015 with taking an oath of office during a National Assembly session.Duda rejected the European Union's proposal of migrant quotas to redistribute asylum seekers, saying: "I won't agree to a dictate of the strong. I won't back a Europe where the economic advantage of the size of a population will be a reason to force solutions on other countries regardless of their national interests".
In September 2015 Prime Minister Ewa Kopacz declared that Poland, as an expression of "European solidarity", would take in 2,000 people over the next two years, mainly from Syria and Eritrea.
Duda and Croatian President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović were the originators of the Three Seas Initiative.
Duda repeatedly met with general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, Xi Jinping, stating that "Polish companies will benefit hugely" from China's Belt and Road Initiative. Duda and Xi signed a declaration on strategic partnership in which they reiterated that Poland and China viewed each other as long-term strategic partners. Duda said that he hopes Poland will become a gateway to Europe for China.
In September 2017, his approval rating stood at 71% and in February 2018, at 72%, a record surpassed only by Aleksander Kwaśniewski, whose approval ratings surpassed 75% from 1995 to 2005.
On 27 December 2021, Duda vetoed Lex TVN bill, a PiS government bill to counter foreign ownership in Polish media.
On 6 June 2023, Duda presented three goals of Poland's presidency in the European Union in the first half of 2025. The first goal is to deepen transatlantic cooperation and strengthen the relationship between the European Union and the United States. The second goal is to further expand the community to include Ukraine, Moldova, and the Western Balkans, and in the future, other aspiring countries as well. The third goal will be to enhance Europe's energy security.
In 2024, Duda criticised plans by Prime Minister Donald Tusk to suspend the right to asylum in Poland by irregular migrants, calling it a "fatal mistake" that would also affect dissidents from Russia and Belarus.
Pardon of Mariusz Kamiński
In November 2015, on the basis of Article 139 of the Constitution of Poland, Duda pardoned former Central Anticorruption Bureau head Mariusz Kamiński and three CBA officers convicted by a court of 1st instance in the so-called, marking the first pardon granted by a president before reaching a final verdict.According to some lawyers Duda acted in violation of the Constitution of Poland.
Constitutional crisis
Andrzej Duda refused to swear in any of the five Constitutional Tribunal judge candidates selected by the Sejm of the VII term. Three of them had been selected since 7 November 2015 whose election was declared constitutional. Between 3 and 9 December 2015, Duda swore in five other candidates for the same office selected by the Sejm of the VIII term.On 28 December 2015, Duda signed the Constitutional Tribunal bill, which unequivocally breaches the Constitution of Poland according to the National Council of the Judiciary of Poland, the Public Prosecutor General and the Polish Ombudsman.
In July 2017, Duda informed the public he had decided to veto two controversial judicial bills backed by the government and passed by both houses of the Polish parliament. The President's spokesman subsequently said that the third act – the common courts bill – would be signed. The veto was just one example of Duda opposing the policies of PiS.
Politics of memory and the Holocaust
In February 2018, Duda said that he would sign into law the Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance, making it illegal to accuse 'the Polish nation' of complicity in the Holocaust and other Nazi German atrocities, a measure that has roiled relations with Israel, with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu going as far as accusing the Polish government of "Holocaust denial".In September 2022, Duda and his wife attended the funeral of Holocaust survivor Edward Mosberg in the United States, and Duda announced that he was awarding Mosberg the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland, the highest Polish award in its class. He awarded it in recognition of Mosberg's achievements in advancing Polish-Jewish dialogue and developing cooperation between nations, and for preserving the memory of and communicating what happened in the Holocaust.
Stance on LGBTQ rights
In June 2020, Duda said that he would not allow gay couples to marry or adopt children, while describing the LGBTQ movement as "a foreign ideology" and comparing it to indoctrination in the Soviet Union. He also pledged he would ban "LGBTQ teaching" in schools. In response to Duda's comments, former Prime Minister of Belgium Elio Di Rupo publicly asked the European Commission for an official reaction. Soon after his comments, Duda invited presidential candidate Robert Biedroń and an LGBTQ activist, Bartosz Staszewski, to the Presidential Palace, though Robert Biedroń eventually turned down the invitation, refusing to meet President Duda until he apologized. According to Staszewski, during their meeting Duda cited freedom of speech to defend his words about "LGBTQ ideology".On 4 July 2020, Duda proposed changing the constitution to ban LGBTQ couples from adopting children. On 6 July 2020, he signed a document with a presidential draft of the amendment to the Polish Constitution.