National Police (France)


The National Police, formerly known as the Sûreté, is one of two national police forces of France, the other being the National Gendarmerie. The National Police is the country's main civil law enforcement agency, with primary jurisdiction in cities and large towns. By contrast, the National Gendarmerie has primary jurisdiction in smaller towns, as well as in rural and border areas. The National Police comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior and has about 145,200 employees. Young French citizens can fulfill their optional national service in the national police force.
The national police force was created on 14 August 1941, under the Vichy regime, by a decree signed by the head of government, Philippe Pétain. This decree implements the law of 23 April 1941, creating the Police nationale: the forces of the Sûreté nationale and the police services of the Préfecture de police in Paris are thus united. It was dissolved after the Liberation, by order of the Provisional Government of the French Republic on 16 November 1944. It was revived by Law no. 66-492 of 9 July 1966, on the organization of the police in France. This law unified the Sûreté Nationale and the Préfecture de Police.
The National Police operates mostly in cities and large towns. In that context, it conducts security operations such as patrols, traffic control and identity checks. Under the orders and supervision of investigating magistrates of the judiciary, it conducts criminal inquiries and serves search warrants. It also maintains specific services for these inquiries.

Organization

The National Police is commanded by the Director-General, who is currently Louis Laugier. The Director-General is personally in command of the General Directorate of the National Police and responsible to the Minister of the Interior.
The Préfet de Police, currently Laurent Nuñez, manages the Paris Police that includes all police and security services in Paris, the three neighbouring departments of the 'la petite couronne' region, and the airports of Roissy, Orly and Le Bourget. The Paris Police Prefecture is a separate law enforcement jurisdiction. While its officers belong to the National Police, their chief acts completely independently from the Director-General of the National Police, reporting directly to the French Minister of the Interior. The elevated status of the Paris Police Prefect is also underlined by the fact that he/she is also head of the Île-de-France Defence and Security Zone. The police forces in the other departments of the Île-de-France region are under the direct command of a Préfet de département, being himself under the supervision of the Préfet de Police as far as the active on-the-field police work is concerned, and under the control of the Director-General for the rest.
The National Police is sub-divided into directorates, which are further composed of sub-directorates:
  • Direction centrale du recrutement et de la formation de la Police nationale : formed from the fusion of the former Direction de la formation de police nationale and Direction de l'administration de la police nationale. It was established on 1 September 2010 and employs approximately 3 000 people.
  • Direction Nationale de la Police judiciaire : charged with all criminal investigations under direction of magistrates. This mission is fulfilled in the Paris area by the Direction Régionale de Police Judiciaire de Paris which is nicknamed after its address "36 Quai des Orfèvres". The main Sub-Directorates of the Judicial Police are:
  • * Sous-Direction Anti-Terroriste "SDAT" : elite counter-terrorist task-force.
  • * Sous-Direction de la lutte contre la criminalité organisée et la délinquance financière "SDLCODP" : Includes all the National Investigation Offices specialising in Organised and Financial Crime, except for the National Itinerant Criminality Struggle Office
  • * Sous-Direction de la police technique et scientifique "SDPTS"
  • * Sous-Direction de lutte contre la cybercriminalité "SDLC"
  • National Directorate of Public Security : Patrol and response duties, misdemeanour investigations, emergency help; this Directorate comprises approximatively 80% of the workforce. The DNSP is the National Police's equivalent of the Departmental Gendarmerie.
  • *Central apparatus
  • *92 départemental directorates in metropolitan France.
  • *The three départements of the 'petit couronne' region were absorbed into the Paris Police Prefecture by Presidential Decree No. 2009-898 of 24 July 2009 and fused into the Proximity Security Directorate of the Parisian Agglomeration, which includes four Proximity Security Territorial Directorates : DTSP 75 for the city of Paris; DTSP 92 in Nanterre for Hauts-de-Seine; DTSP 93 in Bobigny for Seine-Saint-Denis and DTSP 94 in Créteil for Val-de-Marne.
  • *7 overseas directorates: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, La Réunion, New Caledonia, French Polynesia and Mayotte.
  • Direction nationale de la police aux frontières : performs identity checks with "La douane française" and handles illegal immigration.
  • Inspection générale de la police nationale : headed by the Inspector General and responsible for internal affairs. In the Paris Area, these tasks are assigned to a dedicated service—the Inspection Générale des Services.
  • Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité : riot police, motorway police, and mountain rescue; commonly referred to as the CRS.
  • Service de coopération technique internationale de police.
  • Service de la protection : VIP protection for people such as foreign diplomats and also responsible for the protection of the President of the French Republic through the 'Groupe de Sécurité de la Présidence de la République'.
  • Recherche Assistance Intervention Dissuasion intervention unit. The elite counter-terror unit of the National Police and counterpart to the GIGN of the National Gendarmerie. The commander of RAID also doubles as the chief of the National Police Intervention Force. The RAID is headquartered in Bièvres, Essonne, approximately 20 kilometres southwest of Paris. As it is on stand-by for deployment nationwide, the primary intervention unit for reaction in Paris is the Brigade anticommando - the Research and Intervention Brigade of the Paris Police Prefecture's Judicial Police Regional Directorate. The function of the FIPN is that of a co-ordinating organ between the RAID and the BRI. The RAID used to operate closely with the UCLAT. On 27 December 2019 the UCLAT was absorbed into the Direction Générale de la Sécurité Intérieure', the French domestic intelligence and security agency and the latter took over the close co-operation with the RAID.
  • *Territorial Detachments. The Central Directorate of Public Security - the National Police's public order uniformed branch had its own tactical intervention units, the Groupes d'Intervention de la Police Nationale.Between 2016 and 2019 these units were absorbed into the RAID as its territorial detachments
  • **10 territorial detachments in metropolitan France: Bordeaux, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Nice, Rennes, Strasbourg, Montpellier, Nancy and Toulouse;
  • **3 territorial detachments in the French overseas territories: Nouméa in New Caledonia, Pointe-à-Pitre in Guadeloupe and Saint-Denis in Réunion.

    Former directorates

As of 1 July 2008, the following two National Police directorates:
were merged into one single domestic intelligence agency titled the Direction centrale du renseignement intérieur. The DCRI was placed directly under the Ministry of the Interior.

Ranks

The National Police is divided into three corps, in the terminology of the French Civil Service, in ascending order of seniority:
  • The Corps d'encadrement et d'application corresponds approximately to the enlisted and non-commissioned ranks in a military force, or to constables and sergeants in a British-style civil police force.
  • The Corps de commandement corresponds approximately to the lower commissioned ranks of a military force, or the grades of inspector and chief inspector in a British-style civil police force. These ranks were previously known as inspecteurs if detectives or officiers de la paix if uniformed, although CRS officers always used the current ranks.
  • The Corps de conception et de direction corresponds approximately to the higher commissioned ranks of a military force, or to grades of Superintendent and chief officers in a British-style civil police force.
All the ranks insignia may be worn either on the shoulders or on the chest. In the latter they are square-shaped.
Prior to 1995 two civilian corps existed in which plainclothes officers were given the training and authority to conduct investigations. The closest American equivalent is the detective branch.

Requirements

Admission requirements for the competition:
35 years old maximum on January 1st of the competition year
  • Bachelor's degree or equivalent
  • French nationality
  • Clean criminal record
  • Good physical condition, good moral standing
The entrance exam has 3 stages:
To pass the entrance exam, you must pass several tests: the eligibility test, the pre-admission test and the admission test.
The eligibility test consists of written exams. If this test is passed, you must then take the pre-admission tests, and if this stage is completed, the competition will end with the admission test.
Once accepted, the paid training for police officers at the police academy lasts 18 months.

Equipment

Weapons

Prior to the Second World War and the formation of the Police Nationale, the French police used a variety of side arms, both revolvers and semi-automatic pistols, notably comprising the MAS 1873, the MAS 1892, the FN M1900, Ruby pistols, and a variety of privately purchased weapons.
Immediately after the Second World War, a variety of military side arms were issued, often captured weapons provided by the Army or French-produced German-designed weapons, such as the Mauser HSc or the Walther P38 for sidearms, and the Karabiner 98k rifle, to the now unified national force.
In 1951, a standardisation was performed on the RR 51 pistol in 7.65×17mm and on the MAS-38 and MAT-49 for submachine guns. From 1953, in the context of heightening violence of the Algeria War, CRS units were upgraded to the 9×19mm MAC Mle 1950.
In the early 1960s, large-caliber revolvers were introduced, culminating with the introduction of the Manurhin MR 73 and the Ruger SP101. In the 80s, a process to standardize revolvers was initiated. The 1970s also saw the introduction of automatic rifles and carbines to fend off heavily armed organised crime and terrorism.
In the 2000s, the police started switching to semi-automatic pistols and to the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge. For some years, the standard sidearm in the National Police and the Gendarmerie Nationale was the PAMAS G1, which was French licensed and made. In 2003 both agencies made the biggest small arms contract since the Second World War for about 250,000 SIG Sauer Pro SP 2022s, a custom-tailored variant of the SIG Pro, replacing the PAMAS-G1 and several other pistols in service. The weapons are planned to stay in service until the year 2022, hence the weapon name. The police purchased more pistols in late 2018 possibly indicating they intend them to be used beyond 2022.
For greater threats the police use slightly modified Ruger Mini-14s purchased in the 1970s. More modern long guns like Remington 870, HK UMP and HK G36 are also issued.
Some sources have claimed the use of the Spectre M4 by the French National Police.