Podolsk
Podolsk is an industrial city, center of Podolsk Urban Okrug, Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Pakhra River. Its population is
Geography
Podolsk is located on the Moskvoretsko-Oka plain, in the center of the East European Plain, on the banks of the Pakhra River. The city is located south of the capital, 36 km from its center and 15 km from the MKAD, on the highway and the Kursk direction of the Moscow Railway. It covers an area of 4,039 hectares. Most of Podolsk is located on the right bank of the Pakhra River and west of the railway line.In the north it borders with the city of Moscow, namely with the settlements of Voskresenskoye and Ryazanovskoye of the Novomoskovsky administrative district.The geological structure of the territory on which Podolsk is located is similar to that of the East European Plain: it is flat, but at the same time not flat, with a height difference. The city is located on the territory of the Moskvoretsko-Oka physico-geographical province of the mixed forest subzone, with a predominance of landscapes of moraine and glacial plains. The soils are alluvial, grey and woody. On the territory of the city there are deposits of dolomitized limestone, which received the name "Podolsk marble" for its fine-grained texture and beautiful white color. However, its development is currently not underway.
Climate
The climate is temperate continental with relatively cold winters and warm, humid summers. The frequent passage of cyclones from the Atlantic and sometimes from the Mediterranean causes an increase in clouds. The average temperatures are: January — about -9.4 °C, July — +18.4 °C. The average frost-free period is about 130 days. The average annual precipitation is 668 mm, with fluctuations in some years from 390 to 850 mm. Maximum precipitation falls in summer, minimum in winter.The city of Podolsk, like the entire Moscow Region, is located in the time zone designated by the international standard as the Moscow Time Zone. The offset relative to UTC is +3:00. The meridian 37°30' EAST passes through the city, separating the 2nd and 3rd geographical time zones, therefore, in the west of the city, the applied time differs by one hour from the standard time. UTC+2, and in the east it coincides with the standard time. UTC+3
In general, Podolsk is characterized by a low level of atmospheric air pollution. According to the conducted analyses, the level of its pollution in the city, as a rule, ranges from high to low. At the same time, the indicators depend on the time of year and weather conditions. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, the situation is deteriorating: the main air pollutants are numerous industrial enterprises and road transport, the total number of which increases by 10-15 thousand cars annually. The maximum load on the air environment falls on the northeast and east of the city, as well as on the Central District.
Podolsk has a significant number of park areas. In the Park district of Podolsk there is the V. Talalikhin City Park of Culture and Recreation, on the territory of which there are attractions, playgrounds, cafes, a Green Bandstand. In recent years, it has been renovated with landscaping. In addition, there are numerous squares and forest parks in the city: Catherine Square near school No. 3, Victory Square, Podolsk Cadets Square, Pushkin Square, Generations Square in the city center, the square along Komsomolskaya and Bolshaya Zelenovskaya streets, Dubki, Yelochki, Berezki forest parks and others. The territory of Podolsk is bordered by extensive woodlands.
History
Early history
As a result of archaeological excavations on the territory of the city and the district conducted in 1994-1997, bone and silicon objects dating back to the 7th millennium BC, that is, to the Mesolithic era, were found. The first settlement, a site of primitive people, was found in Dubrovitsy, at the confluence of the Desna and Pakhra rivers. In turn, on the territory of the Podillya Museum-Reserve in the city there is the only multi-layered archaeological monument in the Moscow region with traces of human activity, starting from the Mesolithic era and including the Neolithic, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, and Ancient Russian times.In the Iron Age, the territory of modern Podolsk was inhabited by representatives of the Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. During excavations on the left bank of the Pakhra, clay and the first iron products were found, which date back to this era. The discovered fragments of pottery were made at that time without the use of a potter's wheel and fired on a bonfire. Among the settlements of the Iron Age, the Finno-Ugric settlement of Grasshoppers stands out, which occupied a promontory flowing into Petritsa, a tributary of Urine. The remains of a house, hearths, ceramic products, Dyakov-type weights were found here. The Finno-Ugric influence was reflected, among other things, in the local toponymy: it was the Finno-Ugric Peoples who gave the name to the Pakhra River.
In the 9th—10th centuries, Slavic tribes settled on the territory of the Podolsk region, which began to coexist with local Finno-Ugrians. The findings of archaeological research on the territory of the city prove that in the X—XIV centuries the Slavic tribes of Vyatichi lived in this area. As in the case of the Finno-Ugrians, the Slavic presence was reflected in the names of local geographical objects: the Slavs named the rivers Desna and Mocha.
The question of the political affiliation of the territory of modern Podolsk in the XI—XII centuries remains controversial. According to the conclusions of the 19th-century Russian historian P. V. Golubovsky, based on a study of the charters and charters of Prince Rostislav Mstislavich of Smolensk, the territory in the basin of the Pakhra River belonged to the Principality of Smolensk in the 12th century. However, this conclusion, drawn on the basis of the identification of the churchyard of Dobryatin in the charter and the village of Dobratina on the outskirts of Podolsk, is not shared by all historians. The main counterargument is the fact that the village Dobratino arose only in the second half of the 14th century and owes its name to the Dobratinskaya borti, on the territory of which it originated.
In the 12th century, information about Vyatka cities also appeared in Russian chronicles, primarily Moscow's Peremyshl, located on the Moche River near modern Podolsk. By the 17th century, the role of Przemysl had declined, and at that time it was no longer called a city in the scribal books, but a settlement. By the 70s of the 14th century, the eastern part of the Smolensk Principality, along with the territory of modern Podolsk, was ceded to the Moscow Principality, and in 1559 the village of Dobratino with villages and churchyards was granted to the Danilov Monastery. The Charter of 1559 issued by Tsar Ivan the Terrible is the first historical document that contains information about settlements that existed at that time on the territory of modern Podolsk. Among them, the historical predecessor of the city of Podolsk, the village of Podol, was mentioned.
The exact time of the origin of this village is unknown due to the fact that no archaeological excavations have yet been carried out at the sites of the deposition of the most ancient cultural layers associated with the Hem. However, it can be assumed that this happened at the turn of the XV—XVI centuries or even earlier. It is only known that until the end of the 18th century, the village was located 50–80 m upstream of the Pakhra River from the modern automobile bridge in the center of Podolsk and, according to a Charter of 1559, courtyards from the village called "other Strelnikovo" were "demolished" into it. In addition, from this document it can be concluded that three elements have become an integral part of the future village of Podol: the village of Podol, the churchyard "on the river on the Pakhra, and in it the Church of the Resurrection of Christ," as well as the Yamskoy camp.
In general, the emergence and further development of the Hemline was a reflection of the trend in the formation of a radial settlement structure along the tracts.: Podol was formed on a steep bend of the Pakhra River, which was used as a waterway, and a highway passed through the settlement that connected Moscow with the western and southern principalities of Russia. At the same time, the construction of the low left bank of the Pakhra was initially carried out, and only then — the right bank.
The village of Podol
During the Time of Troubles, the village of Podol became the scene of active hostilities. Although documentary evidence about this period remains scarce, one of the documents-reports of 1606 speaks about the battle on the Pakhra of government troops with the rebel army of Ivan Bolotnikov: "there was a battle with thieves on the Pakhra... and thieves were beaten." According to the surviving information, a month after the battle, in November 1606, the priest of the village of Podol, Elisey, and the peasant of the Danilov monastery's patrimony, Danil Mitrofanov, were among the prisoners in the Discharge Order. The first written mention of the village of Podol dates back to 1606.According to the scribal books of 1626-1628, the village of Podol was already the largest settlement of the Danilov monastery patrimony on the Pakhra, surpassing the village of Dobratino, which was the center of the monastery patrimony, by more than twice the size of the arable land. Due to the fact that the size of the arable land of the village of Podol was ten times larger than the size of the arable land of an ordinary village, there is reason to assume that the main land complex of Podol was formed before the 50s of the XVI century and was characterized by exceptional stability of the planning structure. In the middle of the 16th century, the village of Podol consisted of a single street, built up on both sides with peasant yards, which was crossed by the Pakhra River approximately in the middle. In turn, the church and the churchyard occupied a position outside the village structure and were located on a high bank east of Podol. As the village of Podol grew, its administrative merger with the pogost took place, and thus the village was formed. Further growth and development of Podol, which was part of the Molotsk camp of the Moscow district, They were directly connected to the Serpukhovskaya road that passed through the settlement. Thus, Podol was originally formed as a village by the road. In addition to grain farming and gardening, the inhabitants were engaged in the cart industry, had inns with taverns, mined butte, white stone and "Podolsk marble". Food was mainly exported to Moscow, and manufactured goods were exported from Moscow.
In subsequent years, the road to Serpukhov, in connection with the confrontation with the Crimean Khanate, acquired even greater military and strategic importance for Russia and became an "embassy". At the same time, the role of the village of Podol as a transit point and an inn increased. On March 30, 1687, at the height of the Crimean campaigns, it was ordered to "establish mail from Moscow to Akhtyrsk and to Kolomak in 17 places. And put a horse guard and four archers on the walls of the stable, and give them two horses for each person to race..." The first postal camp was established in Moscow at the Zhitny Dvor, the second — on the Pakhra, in the village of Podol. In 1696, after the start of the construction of the Russian fleet at the Voronezh shipyards, a postal line was once again organized between Moscow and Voronezh, and the camp was again organized in the village of Podol. The village retained the role of a transshipment point in the middle of the XVIII century. So, in 1743-1744, in connection with the journey of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna to Kiev, it was planned to build a travel palace in Podil. However, it was later decided to limit the construction of a glacier and a mossy barn in the village.
The advantageous position of the village contributed to the active growth of Podol: from 1678 to 1704, the number of peasant and Bobyl households increased 1.8 times, and from 1626-1628 to 1766, the size of the village increased 4 times. At the same time, the population of Podol was exceptionally stable, and the population grew mainly due to natural growth rather than migration.
In 1764, the ferry across the Pakhra was replaced by a floating bridge. In the same year, the monastery lands were secularized: the village became an economic one, that is, it came under the control of the State College of Economy. As a result, the villagers were classified as economic peasants, which made their lives much easier compared to serfs.
In the 18th century, the first stone structures appeared in Podil, primarily the church. As you know, the Church of the Resurrection of the XVI—XVII centuries was a wooden structure and belonged to the simplest type of temple, which was based on a log house with a gable roof. In 1722, a fire broke out in it, so in 1728, Abbot Gerasim and his brethren, the rector of the monastery of St. Daniel of Moscow, appealed to the Synodal Government Order with a request to allow the construction of a white stone church on the old site of the church. Nevertheless, its construction was delayed for more than 40 years. By the 1780s, there was only one other stone building in the village, a malt house on the left bank of the Pakhra River near the bridge.