Playtime
Playtime is a 1967 satirical comedy film directed and co-written by Jacques Tati. Tati also stars in the film, reprising the role of Monsieur Hulot from his earlier films Les Vacances de Monsieur Hulot and Mon Oncle. However, Tati grew ambivalent towards playing Hulot as a recurring central role during production, and he appears intermittently in Playtime, alternating between central and supporting roles.
Shot on 70 mm film, the work is notable for its enormous set, which Tati had built specially for the film, as well as Tati's trademark use of subtle yet complex visual comedy supported by creative sound effects. The film's dialogue, variously in French, English, and German, is frequently reduced to the level of background noise.
While it was a commercial failure on its original release, Playtime is retrospectively considered Tati's magnum opus, his most daring work, and one of the greatest films of all time. In 2022, Playtime was voted 23rd on the British Film Institute's critics' list and 41st in their directors' list of "Top 100 Greatest Films of All Time".
Plot
Playtime is set in a hyperconsumerist mid-century modern Paris. The story is structured in six sequences, linked by two characters who repeatedly encounter one another over the course of a day: Barbara, a young American tourist visiting Paris with an American tourist group, and Monsieur Hulot, a befuddled Frenchman lost in the city. The sequences are as follows:- The Airport: The American tour group arrives at the ultra-modern and impersonal Orly Airport.
- The Offices: M. Hulot arrives at an office building for an important meeting, but gets lost in a maze of disguised rooms and offices. He eventually stumbles into a trade exhibition of office designs and furniture nearly identical to those in the rest of the building.
- The Trade Exhibition: M. Hulot and the American tourists are introduced to the latest modern gadgets, including a door that slams "in golden silence" and a broom with headlights, while the Paris of legend goes all but unnoticed save for a flower seller's stall and reflections of the Eiffel Tower and Montmartre in the building's front door.
- The Apartments: As night falls, M. Hulot meets with an old friend who invites him to his sparsely furnished flat. This sequence is filmed entirely from the street, observing M. Hulot and other building residents through uncurtained floor-to-ceiling picture windows.
- The Royal Garden: A fine dining restaurant has its opening night before construction has been completed. At the restaurant, M. Hulot reunites with several characters he has periodically encountered during the day, along with a few new ones, including a nostalgic ballad singer and a boisterous American businessman. The restaurant falls apart throughout the night as the patrons party.
- The Carousel of Cars: M. Hulot buys Barbara two small gifts before her departure. In the midst of a complex ballet of cars in a traffic circle, the tourists' bus returns to the airport.
Cast
Background
In the 1960s, French president Charles de Gaulle made a vow to develop his country's economy and reform Paris into a modern city. Knocking down older houses in urban districts, developers rebuilt parts of the city and its suburbs and put up mid-century modern and brutalist blocks of glass and steel in their place. High-rise structures were allowed within Paris for the first time, which were considered an unsightly contrast to its famous monuments.Tati, who had grown up in the quarters of Paris and lived there most of his life, decided to make a film about the ache of losing the old Paris to a more contemporary cityscape. To accomplish this, Tati took the radical approach of building a city set of his own design, in which he could have absolute control.
Production
Upon its release in 1967, Playtime was the most expensive film ever made in France. Like Tati's other pictures, the dialogue has been post-synchronized and its volume turned down to direct the viewer's attention to forms of behavior and visual gags.Hulot first appeared in M. Hulot's Holiday and then Mon Oncle. With his long-stemmed pipe, raincoat and hat, and his pants often too short, Hulot moves about somewhat lost outside of his "old quarter" of Paris, bemused and confounded by urbanization and technology. Hulot also represented an artistic hindrance for Tati, who by the early sixties wanted to move beyond the character. Nevertheless, without Hulot's popularity, any commercial prospects for Playtime would have been nonexistent, and so Hulot does appear in the film. Like all characters and spaces within the frame, Hulot becomes part of the scenery; he disappears for long patches of screen time, seemingly lost in the world.
The film is famous for its enormous specially constructed set and background stage, which contributed significantly to the film's large budget, said to be 17 million francs. The set required a hundred workers to construct along with its own power plant. Budget crises and other disasters stretched the shooting schedule to three years, including 1.4 million francs in repairs after the set was damaged by storms. Tati observed that the cost of building the set was no greater than what it would have cost to hire Elizabeth Taylor or Sophia Loren for the leading role. Budget overruns forced Tati to take out large loans and personal overdrafts to cover ever-increasing costs.
As Playtime depended greatly on visual comedy and sound effects, Tati chose to shoot it using high-resolution 70 mm film and a stereophonic soundtrack that was complex for its time.
To save money, some of the building facades and the interior of the Orly set were actually giant photographs. The Paris landmarks Barbara sees reflected in the glass door are also photographs. Tati also used life-sized cutout photographs of people to save money on extras; these are noticeable in some of the cubicles when Hulot overlooks the maze of offices, and in the deep background in some of the shots at ground level.
Filming
Tati's enormous presentation would be shot in high-resolution 70mm, allowing the expansive real-world exteriors to dominate the frame. Tati's previous films were shot on actual locations; for Playtime, Tati could not afford what it would cost to take over whole segments of a real-life city or airport. No city or airport would shut itself down and submit to Tati's obsessive and exacting directorial style, wherein every detail was observed and laboured-over to meticulous effect.Though his cameraman Jean Badal had proposed that Tati erect a building for the production and then sell it afterward, Tati had something more blindly idealistic in mind. His newly developed company Specta-Films would create massive buildings and offices, roads and streetlights, and even an airport. But rather than make these structures functional spaces that could be resold afterward, Tati intended its use for the French film industry. His studio-set, famously dubbed "Tativille" by the crew, would be built on the southeast corner of Paris, on a wasteland at Saint-Maurice.
Construction began in September 1964 and met with almost immediate delays and budgetary problems, and would not be finished until March 1965. Shooting began in April 1965 with a planned 178-day shoot, but lasted until October 1966. During the astonishingly protracted 365 days of actual shooting, minus vacations and stoppages, filming halted sometimes for weeks or months at a time for any number of reasons: bad weather, non-prime lighting conditions, or more commonly because Tati's money had run out. Tati borrowed funds from government financiers, banks, against Specta-Films' assets, and eventually his personal fortune. Soon he turned to friends and family. Public figures and admirers contributed too, but it was not enough. Tati eventually signed away the rights to his three previous pictures. The final budget for PlayTime was reportedly anywhere between five and twelve million francs; though many bills went unpaid by the time production had wrapped.
Tati decided to use 70mm panoramic stock, whereas his other pictures were all shot in 1.375:1. While the wider strip of film allowed for a greater sense of detail within the frame, the director's choice was impelled by a desire to implement a rectangular widescreen format, since his other films had all been presented in the more square 35mm standard. Larger format film stock, especially 70mm, was usually reserved for epics such as Ben-Hur or Lawrence of Arabia. Tati, however, did not employ the full 2.2:1 aspect ratio of 70mm, instead narrowing it slightly for a projected ratio of 1.85:1. Tati described the effect of 70 mm as follows: "What I find extraordinary is that the device allows the viewer to have a fuller appreciation of a mere pin dropping in a large empty room."
A 27 minute short film, also featuring Tati as Monsieur Hulot, was shot on the same sets during down time. In Cours du Soir Hulot appears as a professor teaching a group of students about the art of mime, including acts from Tati's impressions sportives, ways to smoke a cigarette and how to correctly stumble up some steps.
Style
Tati wanted the film to be in color but look like it was filmed in black and white, an effect he had employed to some extent in Mon Oncle. The predominant colors are shades of grey, blue, black, and greyish white. Green and red are used as occasional accent colors: for example, the greenish hue of patrons lit by a neon sign in a sterile and modern lunch counter, or the flashing red light on an office intercom. It has been said that Tati had one red item in every shot.Except for a single flower stall, there are no genuine green plants or trees on the set, though dull plastic plants adorn the outer balconies of some buildings, including the restaurant. Thus, when the character of Barbara arrives at the Royal Garden restaurant in an emerald green dress seen as "dated" by the other whispering female patrons clothed in dark attire, she visually contrasts not only with the other diners, but also with the entire physical environment of the film. As the characters in the restaurant scene begin to lose their normal social inhibitions and revel in the unraveling of their surroundings, Tati intensifies both color and lighting accordingly: late arrivals to the restaurant are less conservative, arriving in vibrant, often patterned clothing.
Tati detested close-ups, considering them crude, and shot in 70 mm film so that all the actors and their physical movements would be visible, even when they were in the far background of a group scene. He used sound rather than visual cues to direct the audience's attention; with the large image size, sound could be both high and low in the image as well as left and right. As with most Tati films, sound effects were utilized to intensify comedic effect; Leonard Maltin wrote that Tati was the "only man in movie history to get a laugh out of the hum of a neon sign!" Almost the entire film was dubbed after shooting; the editing process took nine months.
Philip Kemp has described the film's plot as exploring "how the curve comes to reassert itself over the straight line". This progression is carried out in numerous ways. At the beginning of the film, people walk in straight lines and turn on right angles. Only working-class construction workers and two music-loving teenagers move in a curvaceous and naturally human way. Some of this robot-like behavior begins to loosen in the restaurant scene near the end of the film, as the participants set aside their assigned roles and learn to enjoy themselves after a plague of opening-night disasters.
Throughout the film, the American tourists are continually lined up and counted, though Barbara keeps escaping and must be frequently called back to conform with the others. By the end, she has united the curve and the line ; her straight bus ride back to the airport becomes lost in a seemingly endless traffic circle that has the atmosphere of a carnival ride.
The extended apartment sequence, where Tati's character visits a friend and tours his apartment, is notable. Tati keeps the audience outside of the apartment as viewers look inside the lives of the characters. In September 2012, Interiors, an online journal that is concerned with the relationship between architecture and film, released an issue that discussed how space is used in this scene. The issue highlights how Tati uses the space of the apartment to create voyeurs out of his audience.