Arabic-based pidgins and creoles
There have been a number of pidgins and creoles throughout history which are based on the Arabic language, including a number of new ones emerging today. These share a common ancestry, and incipient immigrant pidgins. Additionally, Maridi Arabic may have been an 11th-century pidgin.
Arabic creoles and pidgins
The Arabic creoles and pidgins are:- Bimbashi Arabic, a colonial-era pidgin of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the ancestor of the other Sudanic pidgins and creoles.
- Turku Arabic, a pidgin of colonial Chad
- Juba Arabic, spoken in South Sudan
- Nubi language, spoken in Uganda and Kenya
- Bongor Arabic, which could be a descendant of Turku Arabic, spoken in and around the town of Bongor, Chad.
- * There may be other Turku-like Arabic pidgins in Chad today, but they have not been described.
Immigrant pidgins in the Arabian Peninsula
- Gulf Pidgin Arabic, used by mostly immigrant laborers in the Arabian Peninsula.
- Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic, used by Bengali immigrants in Jordan.
- Pidgin Madam, used by Sinhalese domestic workers in Lebanon.
- Romanian Pidgin Arabic, spoken by Romanian oil-field workers in Iraq between 1974 and 1990.
Para-Arabic
Para-Arabic, also known as Pseudo-Arabic, is a descendant of the Arabic language that is no longer fully classified as Arabic. This is a mixed language that undergoes a process of code mixing or code switching where Arabic vocabulary and grammar or lexicon are mixed with other languages.- Condet dialect, a dialect of Betawi language with a more pronounced influence of Arabic vocabulary than other dialects, as well as a slight influence of Malay language. Arabic-Malay script was also quite often used by the indigenous people of Condet in East Jakarta, especially during the Dutch colonial era.