October 1922

October 1, 1922 (Sunday)

• Fascists in Italy marched on Bolzano demanding the resignation of its German-speaking mayor, the introduction of Italian into schools and public offices, and bilingualism on all public signs and notices. By October 3 they had complete control of the city.
• In accordance with the results of the 1920 Carinthian plebiscite, exchanges were made of territory between the Republic of Austria and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Austria ceded the area around Leifling, which became Libeliče in what is now Slovenia, and Yugoslavia ceded Rabštajn and Šentlovrenc.
• The Republic of Lithuania introduced its own currency, the litas, replacing the German ostmark and the German ostrubel. The litas coin was designed to have 0.150462 grams of pure gold in order for it to be valued at one-tenth of a U.S. dollar.
• Walter Simons was appointed as the Chief Judge of Germany's Supreme Court, the Reichsgericht.
• The White House Police Force was created by order of U.S. President Warren G. Harding. Placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Secret Service in 1930, it is now the United States Secret Service Uniformed Division. Initially the President or his appointed representative supervised the force.
• American-born dancer Isadora Duncan and her husband the Russian poet Sergei Yesenin were detained trying to enter the United States. They were not allowed to enter until authorities were satisfied that they had not come for the purposes of spreading communist propaganda.
• Born:
• *Chen-Ning Yang, Chinese-born American physicist and Nobel laureate; in Hefei
• *Hans Stern, German-born Brazilian jeweler and founder of the H. Stern chain of luxury jewelry stores; in Essen
• *Burke Marshall, U.S. civil rights lawyer; in Plainfield, New Jersey

  October 2, 1922 (Monday)

• Soviet Russia introduced conscription for all male citizens upon reaching the age of 20.
• Isadora Duncan and Sergei Yesenin were permitted to enter the United States after being detained at Ellis Island for twenty-four hours.

  October 3, 1922 (Tuesday)

• The Convention of Mudanya began as representatives of the Allied Powers and Turkey met to negotiate an end to the Chanak Crisis in the wake of Turkey's victory over Greece in the Greco-Turkish War.
• Ireland offered an amnesty to all irregulars who voluntarily surrendered their arms and ceased to engage in rebellious activities before October 15. Upon the expiration of the amnesty, the Irish Free State government authorized its military to begin the mass arrest of Irish republicans caught with illegal weapons.
• Italian Fascist Party activists took over the city of Bolzano and deposed Mayor Julius Perathoner, who had led the municipality since 1895 when it was the Austrian city of Bozen and then continued after its annexation by Italy following World War I.
• Ratifications of the "Little Entente" treaty between Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, signed on were exchanged. Both nations had earlier signed treaties with Romania.
• Died: Gregory of Kydonies, 57-58, Greek Orthodox bishop of the Anatolian city of Kydonies, honored as a martyred Saint in the Greek Orthodox Church; executed by the Turkish Land Forces along with other Orthodox priests after Kydonies was re-conquered by the Turks

  October 4, 1922 (Wednesday)

• The Austrian government signed the Geneva Protocol, securing a major loan from the UK, France, Italy and Czechoslovakia in exchange for renouncing a political alliance with Germany.
• Ireland offered an amnesty to all irregulars who voluntarily surrendered their arms and ceased to engage in rebellious activities before October 15.
• The Allied and Turkish representatives at Mudanya agreed to allow Turkey to have all of Thrace and to place Constantinople under joint control.
• Radio Dunedin began broadcasting as the first radio station in New Zealand.
• Russian Bolshevik agitator Pyotr Kobozev was inaugurated as the fourth, and last Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Far Eastern Republic, to preside over the Republic's annexation into the Soviet Union.
• The value of the German mark continued its fall and dropped to less than 1/20th of an American penny, as the exchange rate closed at 2,127.33 marks to a U.S. dollar.
• Fascists seized control of Trento.
• Born:
• *Dr. Donald Ross, South African-born British heart surgeon who developed the Ross procedure for using a patient's own pulmonary valve to replace a defective aortic valve, and then using a donor pulmonary valve to replace the one taken; in Kimberley, Northern Cape
• *Saint Gianna Beretta Molla, Italian pediatrician canonized as a Roman Catholic saint in 2004; in Magenta, Lombardy
• *Malcolm Baldrige Jr., United States Secretary of Commerce for President Ronald Reagan from 1981 until his accidental death in a rodeo accident in 1987; in Omaha, Nebraska.

  October 5, 1922 (Thursday)

• Forest fires in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec killed 43 people, as well as burning of property. The blaze destroyed the communities of Haileybury and North Cobalt, Charlton, Thornloe and Heaslip in Ontario, and Notre-Dame-du-Nord and its neighbor, Notre-Dame-des-Quinze in Quebec. Rain and snow fell later in the day and put out the fires before they could spread further.
• The congress of the Italian Socialist Party in Rome descended into fistfights over the question of whether a communist revolution in Italy was still possible or desirable. This conference was the catalyst for the creation of the splinter party called the United Socialist Party.
• Game 2 of the World Series between the New York Yankees and New York Giants ended in a 3 to 3 tie, after ten innings. Umpire George Hildebrand called the game due to darkness at 4:43 p.m. even though the sun did not set that day for another 50 minutes. Hundreds of fans at the Giants' stadium, the Polo Grounds, surrounded the field box of Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis shouting threats and jeers at the decision. That night after a conference with the owners of both ballclubs, Landis announced that the $120,554 in gate receipts would be donated to disabled soldiers and sailors and New York charities. Only two other World Series had games end in a tie, and although regular season games ended in a tie as late as 2016, a postseason draw never happened again.
• Born:
• *Robert Vallée, French cyberneticist and mathematician; in Poitiers
• *José Froilán González, Argentine racing driver; in Arrecifes
• *Jock Stein, Scottish football manager; in Burnbank
• *Woodrow Parfrey, American character actor on film and TV; in New York City

  October 6, 1922 (Friday)

• At the direction of U.S. President Warren G. Harding, U.S. Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty ordered liquor off of all American ships throughout the world and prohibited foreign ships carrying liquor from entering American waters. The new regulations went into effect eight days later, on October 14. A Supreme Court decision in 1923 would allow American ships three miles outside of American waters to sell liquor.
• Two U.S. Army pilots set a new record by staying in the air for almost one-and-a-half days, landing at Rockwell Field in California, near San Diego at 5:11 in the afternoon, 35 hours and 18 minutes after they had gone up from the same field before six in the morning the day before. During their time in the air, John A. Macready and Oakley G. Kelly spent the time circling San Diego in a Fokker T-2 monoplane and had enough fuel to stay aloft longer but chose to land before sunset. The previous record had been 26 hours.

  October 7, 1922 (Saturday)

• The United Kingdom and France agreed to Turkey's demand to be allowed to annex Eastern Thrace, formerly Greek territory that had been conquered by Turkey in the Greco-Turkish War, on condition that Greek troops in the area be allowed 30 days to withdraw while Allied troops occupied the region. The move came a day after Ismet Inonu issued a demand on behalf of Turkey to allow troops to occupy Eastern Thrace immediately.
• Mrs. Rebecca Latimer Felton became the first woman to be appointed as a United States Senator, as Georgia Governor Thomas W. Hardwick presented the necessary papers to signify her appointment to replace the late Thomas E. Watson, who had died on September 26. In that there were no scheduled sessions remaining for the U.S. Senate, Governor Hardwick requested U.S. President Warren G. Harding to call a special session of Congress in order for Mrs. Felton, the 87-year-old widow of former Congressman William H. Felton, to take office. The session took place on November 21 and Mrs. Felton was sworn in for a single day. Walter F. George, who had defeated Hardwick in a special senatorial election on October 17, was sworn in the next day.
• Antonín Švehla became Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
• Died: Marie Lloyd, 52, English music hall singer

  October 8, 1922 (Sunday)

• The New York Giants defeated the New York Yankees 5 to 3, to win their second straight World Series, four games to none with one tie.
• Miss Lillian Gatlin arrived in an airplane at 5:45 in the evening at Curtiss Field near Mineola, New York, becoming the first woman to cross the continental United States in an airplane, albeit as a passenger. The De Havilland 400 horsepower airplane was piloted by Elmer G. Leonhardt from San Francisco to New York City with nine stops in between, in order to support her unsuccessful campaign to have March 2 of every year to be a holiday to commemorate the death of U.S. flyers.

  October 9, 1922 (Monday)

• Nineteen-year-old Clifford Hayes was arrested and charged with first-degree murder in the Hall-Mills case. He would be released a month later and his accuser charged with perjury.
• The comic strip Fritzi Ritz, written and drawn by Larry Whittington, first appeared in newspapers as an offering of United Feature Syndicate. On May 14, 1925, the strip was taken over by Ernie Bushmiller, and on January 2, 1933, a new character, Fritzi's 8-year-old niece Nancy, was introduced, gradually becoming the focus of the daily strip, which was renamed for her. Fritzi Ritz continued as a Sunday comic until 1967.
• Born:
• *Major General Asaf Simhoni, Israeli Defense Forces commander in the successful Sinai War in 1956, but who died in an accident while on his way back from the victory parade; in Nahalal
• *Fyvush Finkel, American actor, in Brooklyn, New York City
• *Olga Guillot, Cuban singer, in Santiago de Cuba
• *Alan R. White, Canadian-born British analytic philosopher; in Toronto