Nuclear electric rocket
A nuclear electric rocket is a type of spacecraft propulsion system where thermal energy from a nuclear reactor is converted to electrical energy, which is used to drive an ion thruster or other electrical spacecraft propulsion technology. The nuclear electric rocket terminology is slightly inconsistent, as technically the "rocket" part of the propulsion system is non-nuclear and could also be driven by solar panels. This is in contrast with a nuclear thermal rocket, which directly uses reactor heat to add energy to a working fluid, which is then expelled out of a rocket nozzle.
Conceptual overview
The key elements to NEP are:- A compact reactor core
- An electric generator
- A compact waste heat rejection system such as heat pipes
- An electric power conditioning and distribution system
- Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion
History
United States
, launched into orbit by USAF in 1965, was the first use of a nuclear reactor in space and of an ion thruster in orbit.A 1963 paper by Myron Levoy proposed a hybrid nuclear-electric engine design, which would have been able to work both in open-cycle mode as a nuclear thermal engine during mission phases requiring high thrust, as well as in closed-cycle mode as a nuclear-electric engine with low thrust, but high efficiency during remaining mission phases. The proposed application of this engine design was for a fast human-crewed round-trip mission to Mars.
In 2001, the Safe affordable fission engine was under development, with a tested 30 kW nuclear heat source intended to lead to the development of a 400 kW thermal reactor with Brayton cycle gas turbines to produce electric power. Waste heat rejection was intended to be accomplished using low-mass heat pipe technology. Safety was intended to be assured by a rugged design.
Project Prometheus was an early 2000s NASA study on nuclear electric spacecraft.
Kilopower is the latest NASA reactor development program, but is intended for surface use only.
Proposed cuts by the second Donald Trump administration in the FY2026 budget has no funding for nuclear electric propulsion and nuclear thermal propulsion, raising the possibility that, given the current political climate, NTP and NEP could be banned, with all research could possibly be destroyed.
Soviet Union and Russia
satellite series, launched by into orbit by the USSR, included Kosmos 1818 and Kosmos 1867 in 1987, using the TOPAZ nuclear reactor and a "Plazma-2 SPT" Hall-effect thruster.The TEM project started in 2009 with the goal of powering a Mars engine.
March 2016 - First batch of nuclear fuel received
Concepts
Pebble bed reactor combined with gas turbine
A pebble bed reactor using high mass-flow gaseous nitrogen coolant near normal atmospheric pressures is a possible heat source. Power generation could be accomplished with gas turbine technology, which is well developed. Nuclear fuel would be highly enriched uranium encapsulated in low-boron graphite balls probably 5–10 cm in diameter. The graphite would also moderate the neutrons of the nuclear reaction.This style of reactor can be designed to be inherently safe. As it heats, the graphite expands, separating the fuel and reducing the reactor's criticality. This property can simplify the operating controls to a single valve throttling the turbine. When closed, the reactor heats, but produces less power. When open, the reactor cools, but becomes more critical and produces more power.
The graphite encapsulation simplifies refueling and waste handling. Graphite is mechanically strong, and resists high temperatures. This reduces the risk of an unplanned release of radioactive elements, including fission products. Since this style of reactor produces high power without heavy castings to contain high pressures, it is well suited to power spacecraft.