Sundanese language

Sundanese is an Austronesian language spoken in Java, primarily by the Sundanese. It has approximately 32 million native speakers in the western third of Java; they represent about 15% of Indonesia's total population.

Classification

According to American linguist Robert Blust, Sundanese is closely related to the Malayic languages, as well as to language groups spoken in Borneo such as the Land Dayak languages or the Kayan–Murik languages, based on high lexical similarities between these languages.

History and distribution

Sundanese is mainly spoken on the west side of the island of Java, in an area known as Tatar Sunda. However, Sundanese is also spoken in the western part of Central Java, especially in Brebes and Cilacap Regency, because these areas were previously under the control of the Galuh Kingdom. Many place names in Cilacap are still Sundanese names such as Dayeuhluhur, Cimanggu, Cipari, even as far as Banyumas, such as Cilongok, Cingebul, Gumelar, and others.
Until 1600 AD, Sundanese was the state language in the kingdoms of Salakanagara, Tarumanagara, Sunda, Galuh, Pajajaran, and Sumedang Larang. During this period, Sundanese was heavily influenced by the Sanskrit language as seen in the Ciaruteun inscription written at the time of King Purnawarman, using the Pallava script. Sundanese at that time was used in the fields of state, art, and daily life, many religious books were written in Sundanese and used Old Sundanese script such as the Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian Manuscript, Carita Parahyangan, Amanat Galunggung, and Guru Talapakan.
In addition, according to some Sundanese language experts until around the 6th century, the area of speech reached around the Dieng Plateau in Central Java, based on the name "Dieng" which is considered the name Sundanese. Along with transmigration and immigration carried out by the Sundanese ethnics, speakers of this language have spread beyond the island of Java. For example, in Lampung, South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Riau, West Kalimantan, Southeast Sulawesi, and even outside the country of Indonesia, such as Taiwan, Japan, Australia, and other countries, a significant number of ethnic Sundanese live in areas outside the Pasundan.

Dialects

Sundanese has several dialects, conventionally described according to the locations of the people:
File:Sundanese_dialects_distribution_map.svg|thumb|right|Linguistic map of West Java, Banten, Western part of Central Java, and Jakarta.

Western dialect, spoken in the provinces of Banten, the western part of Bogor Regency, and some parts of Lampung.
Northern dialect, spoken in Bogor Regency, and northwestern coastal areas of West Java.
Southern or Priangan dialect, spoken in Sukabumi, Sumedang, Cianjur, Bandung, Garut, and Tasikmalaya.
Mid-east dialect, spoken in Cirebon, Majalengka, and southern part of Indramayu.
Northeast dialect, spoken in Kuningan and Brebes.
Southeast dialect, spoken in Ciamis, Pangandaran, Banjar, and Cilacap.

The Priangan dialect, which covers the largest area where Sundanese people lives, is the most widely spoken type of Sundanese language, taught in elementary till senior-high schools in West Java and Banten Province.

Writing system

The language has been written in different writing systems throughout history. The earliest attested documents of the Sundanese language were written in the Old Sundanese script. After the arrival of Islam, the Pegon script is also used, usually for religious purposes. The Latin script then began to be used after the arrival of Europeans. In modern times, most of Sundanese literature is written in Latin script. Meanwhile, the regional governments of West Java and Banten have been actively promoting the use of Standard Sundanese script in public places and on road signs. Although Pegon script is now mostly used in pesantrens and Sundanese Islamic literature, it can still occasionally be seen in public places and on road signs in certain areas, such as Lembang and Tasikmalaya.

Latin alphabet

Below is a comparison table of letter usage between previous Sundanese spellings and the current spelling.

Letter	Pronunciation	Ardiwinata	Surawidjaja	LBBS	EBSYD	EBS
A	a	A / a	A / a	A / a	A / a	A / a
B	b	B / b	B / b	B / b	B / b	B / b
C	c	Tj / tj	Tj / tj	C / c	C / c	C / c
D	d	D / d	D / d	D / d	D / d	D / d
E	e, ɛ	E / e	É / é	É / é	E / e	É / é
E	ə	E / e	Ĕ / ĕ	E / e	Ě / ě	E / e
Eu	ɤ	Eu / eu	Eu / eu	Eu / eu	Ö / ö	Eu / eu
F	f	F / f	F / f	F / f	F / f	F / f
G	ɡ	G / g	G / g	G / g	G / g	G / g
H	h	H / h	H / h	H / h	H / h	H / h
I	i	I / i	I / i	I / i	I / i	I / i
J	j	Dj / dj	Dj / dj	J / j	J / j	J / j
K	k	K / k	K / k	K / k	K / k	K / k
L	l	L / l	L / l	L / l	L / l	L / l
M	m	M / m	M / m	M / m	M / m	M / m
N	n	N / n	N / n	N / n	N / n	N / n
O	o	O / o	O / o	O / o	O / o	O / o
P	p	P / p	P / p	P / p	P / p	P / p
Q	q	Q / q	Q / q	Q / q	Q / q	Q / q
R	r	R / r	R / r	R / r	R / r	R / r
S	s	S / s	S / s	S / s	S / s	S / s
T	t	T / t	T / t	T / t	T / t	T / t
U	u	Oe / oe	U / u	U / u	U / u	U / u
V	v	V / v	V / v	V / v	V / v	V / v
W	w	W / w	W / w	W / w	W / w	W / w
X	x	X / x	X / x	X / x	X / x	X / x
Y	y	J / j	J / j	Y / y	Y / y	Y / y
Z	z	Z / z	Z / z	Z / z	Z / z	Z / z

Phonology

Vowels

There are seven vowels: a, é, i, o, u, e, and eu.
/ɨ/ may be pronounced as back, close-mid, or both by younger speakers. In other side, /ɨ/ realized as /ɤ/ in Bandung and as /ɯ/ in Tangerang, also as /ɘ/ by Indonesian speakers for Sundanese loanwords/names, e.g. keukeuh /kɘkɘh/ and Pameungpeuk /pamɘŋpɘʔ/.
Open-mid vowels may be heard as close-mid.

Consonants

According to Müller-Gotama there are 18 consonants in the Sundanese phonology:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; however, influences from foreign languages have introduced several additional consonants such as,, . The consonantal phonemes are transcribed with the letters p, b, t, d, k, g, c, j, h, ng, ny, m, n, s, w, l, r, and y.
Other consonants that originally appear in Indonesian loanwords are mostly transferred into native consonants: f/v → p, sy → s, z → j, and kh → h.
Epenthetic semivowels and are inserted after a high vowel immediately followed by another vowel, as in the words:

kuéh –
muih –
béar –
miang –
euweuh –
Register

Sundanese has an elaborate system of register distinguishing levels of formality. At the beginning of speech level development, 6 levels of Sundanese register were known: basa kasar, sedeng, lemes, lemes pisan, kasar pisan, and basa panengah. But since the 1988 Congress of Sundanese Language in Bogor, the speech level has been narrowed to only two parts: basa hormat and basa loma. Besides that, the term was changed to "tatakrama basa", although the substance remained the same. The hormat variant is a subtle language to respect, while the loma variant is fair, neutral and familiar use. This variety of loma language is then used as a kind of "standard" variety of written languages in Sundanese society. Sundanese magazines, newspapers, literary books and theses, mostly using the loma variant.
Apart from the two previous levels, there is actually one more lowest level, namely cohag. This level is only used when angry or just to show intimacy between speakers. This register can only be found in the Sundanese Priangan dialect, while other dialects such as Bantenese Language, generally do not recognize this register.
For many words, there are distinct loma and lemes forms, e.g. arék vs. badé "want", maca vs. maos "read". In the lemes level, some words further distinguish humble and respectful forms, the former being used to refer to oneself, and the latter for the addressee and third persons, e.g. rorompok " house" vs. bumi " house".
Similar systems of speech levels are found in Japanese, Korean and Thai.

Basic vocabulary

Personal pronouns

Numeral

Grammar

Root word

Root verb

Plural form

Other Austronesian languages commonly use reduplication to create plural forms. However, Sundanese inserts the ar infix into the stem word. If the stem word starts with l, or contains r following the infix, the infix ar becomes al. Also, as with other Sundanese infixes, if the word starts with vowel, the infix becomes a prefix.
Examples:

Mangga téh, tarahuna haneut kénéh. "Please ma'am, the bean curds are still warm/hot." The plural form of tahu 'bean curd, tofu' is formed by infixing ar after the initial consonant.
Barudak leutik lalumpatan. "Small children running around." Barudak "children" is formed from budak with the ar infix; in lumpat the ar infix becomes al because lumpat starts with l.
Ieu kaén batik aralus sadayana. "All of these batik clothes are beautiful." Formed from alus with the infix ar that becomes a prefix because alus starts with a vowel. It denotes the adjective "beautiful" for the plural subject/noun.
Siswa sakola éta mah balageur. "The students of that school are well-behaved." Formed from bageur with the infix ar, which becomes al because of r in the root, to denote the adjective "well-behaved" for plural students.

However, it is reported that this use of al instead of ar does not to occur if the 'r' is in onset of a neighbouring syllable. For example, the plural form of the adjective curiga is caruriga and not *caluriga, because the 'r' in the root occurs at the start of the following syllable.
The prefix can be reduplicated to denote very-, or the plural of groups. For example, "bararudak" denotes many, many children or many groups of children. Another example, "balalageur" denotes plural adjective of "very well-behaved".

Active form

Most active forms of Sundanese verbs are identical to the root, as with diuk "sit" or dahar "eat". Some others depend on the initial phoneme in the root:

Initial,,,,,,,,, can be put after prefix nga like in ngadahar.
Initial,,,, can be put after prefix ng like in nginum "drink".
Negation

There are several words to negate a statement in Sundanese. These are also different by the polite and casual registers, as well as dialect.

Polite

In Priangan Sundanese, Polite negation is done by adding a henteu to negate most verbs. To negate clauses where the subject is linked to adjectives or nouns, sanés is used.

Abdi teu acan neda. "I have not eaten yet."

In this sentence, "acan" is used to signpost that the speaker has not done something, but they will do it in a short notice.

Buku abdi mah sanés nu ieu. "My book is not this one."

Other words that can be used to negate clauses are moal and alim. Other Sundanese dialects may have different ways to negate statements.

Casual

There are a wide range of casual negation helper words. In Priangan Sundanese, this can be done with a number of words.

Urang acan dahar. "I have not eaten yet."

The shorter version, can, is also commonly used especially in spoken speech.

Buku Urang mah lain nu ieu. "My book is not this one."

The word lain can be used as a casual variant of sanés.
Moal and its longer variant moal waka can also be used casually. Other words include teu hayang and embung.

Question

Dupi '/Ari '-
example:
Polite:

Dupi Tuang Rama nyondong di bumi? "Is your father at home?"
Dupi bumi di palih mana? "Where do you live?"

Formal:

Ari Bapa aya di imah? "Is your father at home?"
Ari imah di beulah mana? "Where do you live?"
Interrogatives

Passive form

Polite:

Buku dibantun ku abdi. "The book is brought by me." Dibantun is the passive form ngabantun "bring".
Pulpén ditambut ku abdi. "The pen is borrowed by me."
Soal ieu dipidamel ku abdi. "This problem is done by me."
Kacasoca dianggo ku abdi. "Glasses worn by me."

Formal:

Buku dibawa ku aing. "The book is brought by me." Dibawa is the passive form mawa "bring".
Pulpén diinjeum ku aing. "The pen is borrowed by me."
Soal ieu digawékeun ku aing. "This problem is done by me."
Tasma dipaké ku aing. "Glasses worn by me."
Adjectives

Examples:
teuas, tiis, tiris, hipu, lada, haneut, etc.

Prepositions

Place

Sundanese has three generic prepositions for spatial expressions:

di: 'in', 'at' etc., indicating position
dina/na: 'on', 'at' etc., indicating specific position
ka: 'to', indicating direction
kana: 'to', indicating specific direction
ti: 'from', indicating origin
tina: 'from', indicating specific origin

Using different type of prepositions can result in different meanings.
di cai: at the bathroom/toilet
dina cai: inside of water
ka cai: going to a bathroom/toilet
kana cai: into water
ti cai: comes from the bathroom/toilet
tina cai: made of water, or comes from water
ka mobil: going inside a car
kana mobil: something is done/happened to a car
To express more specific spatial relations, these prepositions have been combined with locative nouns:

Formal	Polite	Gloss
di jero	di lebet	inside
di luar	di luar	outside
di gigir	di gédéng	beside
di luhur	di luhur	above
di handap	di handap	below
di tukang	di pengker	behind
di hareup	di payun	in front

Di gigir/luhur/handap/tukang/hareup are absolute adverial expressions without a following noun. To express relative position, they have to add the suffix -eun, e.g.:
Polite:

di luhur bumi – 'on top of the house'
dina luhur lomari – 'on top of the cupboard'
ti pengker bumi – 'from behind the house', alternative version: pengkereun bumi
tina pengker lomari – 'from behind the cupboard'

Formal:

di luhur imah – 'on top of the house'
dina luhur lomari – 'on top of the cupboard'
ti tukang imah – 'from behind the house'
tina tukang lomari – 'from behind the cupboard'

Di jero, ''di luar and the polite forms luhur & pengker'' can be used both with and without a following noun.

Time

Miscellaneous

Sample text

The following texts are excerpts from article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Sundanese, along with the original declaration in English.
;Sundanese in Latin script
Sakumna jalma gubrag ka alam dunya téh sipatna merdika jeung boga martabat katut hak-hak anu sarua. Maranéhna dibéré akal jeung haté nurani, campur-gaul jeung sasamana aya dina sumanget duduluran.
;;Sundanese in Sundanese script
;Sundanese in Pegon script
;Sound sample
;English
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Sundanese language

Classification

History and distribution

Dialects

Writing system

Latin alphabet

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Register

Basic vocabulary

Personal pronouns

Numeral

Grammar

Root word

Root verb

Plural form

Active form

Negation

Polite

Casual

Question

Interrogatives

Passive form

Adjectives

Prepositions

Place

Time

Miscellaneous

Sample text