Nakshatra
Nakshatra is the term for Lunar mansion in Hindu astrology and Buddhist astrology. A nakshatra is one of the 27 sectors along the ecliptic. Their names are related to a prominent star or asterisms in or near the respective sectors. In essence, a nakshatra simply is a constellation. Every nakshatra is divided into four padas.
The starting point for the nakshatras according to the Vedas is "Krittika", but, in more recent compilations, the start of the nakshatras list is the point on the ecliptic directly opposite the star Spica, called Chitrā in Sanskrit. This translates to Ashwinī, a part of the modern constellation of Aries. These compilations, therefore, may have been compiled during the centuries when the sun was passing through Aries at the time of the vernal equinox. This version may have been called Meshādi or the "start of Aries".
The first astronomical text that lists them is the Vedanga Jyotisha.
In classical Hindu scriptures, the creation of the asterisms is attributed to Daksha. The Nakshatras are personified as daughters of Daksha and as wives of Chandra, the god of the Moon. When Chandra neglected his 26 other wives in favour of Rohini, his father-in-law cursed him with leprosy and proclaimed that the Moon would wax and wane each month. The Nakshatras are also alternatively described as the daughters of Kashyapa.
Nakshatra is one of the five elements of a Pañcāṅga. The other four elements are:
In the Atharvaveda
In the Atharvaveda a list of 27 stars or asterisms is given, many of them corresponding to the later nakshatras:This 27-day cycle has been taken to mean a particular group of stars. This has to do with the periodicity with which the Moon travels past the specific star fields called nakshatras. Hence, the stars are more like numbers on a clock, through which the hands of time pass. This concept is described by J. Mercay in connection with Surya Siddhanta.
List of Nakshatras
In Hindu astronomy, there was an older tradition of 28 Nakshatras which were used as celestial markers in the heavens. When these were mapped into equal divisions of the ecliptic, a division of 27 portions was adopted since that resulted in a clearer definition of each portion subtending 13° 20′. In the process, the Nakshatra Abhijit was left out without a portion. However, the Abhijit nakshatra becomes important while deciding on the timing of an auspicious event. The Surya Siddhantha concisely specifies the coordinates of the twenty-seven Nakshatras.It is noted above that with the older tradition of 28 Nakshatras each equal segment would subtend 12.85 degrees or 12° 51′. But the 28 Nakshatra were chosen at a time when the Vedic month was recognised as having exactly 30 days. In India and China the original 28 lunar mansions were not equal. Weixing Nui provides a list of the extent of the original 28 Nakshatras expressed in Muhurtas. Hindu texts note there were 16 Nakshatras of 30 Muhurtas, 6 of 45 Muhurtas, 5 of 15 Muhurtas and one of 6 Muhurtas.
The 28 mansions of the 360° lunar zodiac total 831 Muhurtas or 27.7 days. This is sometimes described as an inaccurate estimate of our modern sidereal period of 27.3 days, but using the ancient Indian calendar with Vedic months of 30 days and a daily movement of the Moon of 13 degrees, this early designation of a sidereal month of 831 Muhurtas or 27.7 days is very precise.
Later some Indian savants dropped the Nakshatra named Abhijit to reduce the number of divisions to 27, but the Chinese retained all of their original 28 lunar mansions. These were grouped into four equal quarters which would have been fundamentally disrupted if it had been decided to reduce the number of divisions to 27.
Irrespective of the reason why ancient early Indian astronomers followed a Vedic calendar of exactly 12 months of 30 days it was this calendar and not a modern calendar of 365 days that they used for the astronomical calculations for the number of days taken for the Moon to complete one sidereal cycle of 360°. This is why initially they named 28 Nakshatras on their lunar zodiac.
The following list of nakshatras gives the corresponding regions of sky, per Basham.
| No. | Name | Associated stars | Description | Image |
| 1 | Aśvinī "The Horsemen" | β and γ Arietis | Image:Aries [constellation map.svg|100px] | |
| 2 | Bharaṇī "The Bearer" | 35, 39, and 41 Arietis | 100px | |
| 3 | Kṛttikā "To Cut" | Pleiades | 100px | |
| 4 | Rohiṇi"Radiant Maiden" | Aldebaran |
| 100px |
| 5 | Mṛgaśiras "The Deer's Head" | λ, φ Orionis | 100px | |
| 6 | Ārdrā "The Moist One" | Betelgeuse | 100px | |
| 7 | Punarvasu "Return Of The Light" | Castor and Pollux | ||
| 8 | Puṣya "The Nourisher" | γ, δ and θ Cancri | 100px | |
| 9 | Āśleṣā "The Embrace" | δ, ε, η, ρ, and σ Hydrae | 100px | |
| 10 | Maghā "The Mighty" | Regulus | 100px | |
| 11 | Pūrvaphalgunī"The Former Reddish One" | δ and θ Leonis | 100px | |
| 12 | Uttaraphalgunī "The Latter Reddish One" | Denebola | 100px | |
| 13 | Hasta "The Hand" | α, β, γ, δ and ε Corvi | 100px | |
| 14 | Citrā "The Bright One" | Spica | 100px | |
| 15 | Svātī "The Independent One" | Arcturus | 100px | |
| 16 | Viśākhā "Branching Out" | α, β, γ and ι Librae | 100px | |
| 17 | Anurādhā "Following Radha" | β, δ and π Scorpionis | ||
| 18 | Jyeṣṭhā "The Eldest" | α, σ, and τ Scorpionis | 100px | |
| 19 | Mūla "The Root" | ε, ζ, η, θ, ι, κ, λ, μ and ν Scorpionis | 100px | |
| 20 | Pūrvāṣāḍha "The Former Unconquered" | δ and ε Sagittarii | 100px | |
| 21 | Uttarāṣāḍha "The Latter Unconquered" | ζ and σ Sagittarii | 100px | |
| * | Abhijit "The Invincible" | ζ and σ Lyrae | 100px | |
| 22 | Śravaṇa "To Hear" | α, β and γ Aquilae | 100px | |
| 23 | Dhaniṣṭhā "Wealthiest" | α, β, γ and δ Delphini | 100px | |
| 24 | Śatabhiṣaj "A Hundred Physicians" | λ Aquarii | ||
| 25 | Pūrvabhādrapada "The Former Blessed Feet" | α and β Pegasi | 100px | |
| 26 | Uttarabhādrapada "The Latter Blessed Feet" | γ Pegasi and α Andromedae | 100px | |
| 27 | Revatī "Prosperous" | ζ Piscium | 100px |
(quarters)
Each of the 27 Nakshatras cover 13° 20’ of the ecliptic. Each Nakshatra is also divided into quarters or padas of 3° 20’, and the table below lists the appropriate starting sound to name the child. The 27 nakshatras, each with 4 padas, give 108, which is the number of beads in a japa mala, representing all the elements of Vishnu:| # | Name | Pada 1 | Pada 2 | Pada 3 | Pada 4 | Vimsottari Lord | Ruling Deity |
| 1 | Aśvini | चु Chu | चे Che | चो Cho | ला La | Ketu | Aswini Kumara |
| 2 | Bharaṇī | ली Li | लू Lu | ले Le | लो Lo | Venus | Yama |
| 3 | Kṛttikā | अ A | ई I | उ U | ए E | Sun | Agni |
| 4 | Rohiṇī | ओ O | वा Va/Ba | वी Vi/Bi | वु Vu/Bu | Moon | Brahma |
| 5 | Mṛgaśīrṣā | वे Ve/Be | वो Vo/Bo | का Ka | की Ke | Mars | Moon |
| 6 | Ārdrā | कु Ku | घ Gha | ङ Ng/Na | छ Chha | Rahu | Shiva |
| 7 | Punarvasu | के Ke | को Ko | हा Ha | ही Hi | Jupiter | Aditi |
| 8 | Puṣya | हु Hu | हे He | हो Ho | ड Da | Saturn | Brihaspati |
| 9 | Āśleṣā | डी Di | डू Du | डे De | डो Do | Mercury | Rahu |
| 10 | Maghā | मा Ma | मी Mi | मू Mu | मे Me | Ketu | Pitr |
| 11 | Pūrva or Pūrva Phālgunī | नो Mo | टा Ta | टी Ti | टू Tu | Venus | Bhaga |
| 12 | Uttara or Uttara Phālgunī | टे Te | टो To | पा Pa | पी Pi | Sun | Sun |
| 13 | Hasta | पू Pu | ष Sha | ण Na | ठ Tha | Moon | Savitr |
| 14 | Chitrā | पे Pe | पो Po | रा Ra | री Ri | Mars | Vishwakarma |
| 15 | Svāti | रू Ru | रे Re | रो Ro | ता Ta | Rahu | Vaayu |
| 16 | Vishākhā | ती Ti | तू Tu | ते Te | तो To | Jupiter | Indra Agni |
| 17 | Anurādhā | ना Na | नी Ni | नू Nu | ने Ne | Saturn | Mitra |
| 18 | Jyeṣṭhā | नो No | या Ya | यी Yi | यू Yu | Mercury | Indra |
| 19 | Mūla | ये Ye | यो Yo | भा Bha | भी Bhi | Ketu | Varuna, Nirriti |
| 20 | Pūrva Aṣāḍhā | भू Bhu | धा Dha | फा Bha/Pha | ढा Dha | Venus | Apah |
| 21 | Uttara Aṣāḍhā | भे Bhe | भो Bho | जा Ja | जी Ji | Sun | Brahma |
| 22 | Śrāvaṇa | खी Ju/Khi | खू Je/Khu | खे Jo/Khe | खो Gha/Kho | Moon | Vishnu |
| 23 | Śrāviṣṭhā or Dhaniṣṭhā | गा Ga | गी Gi | गु Gu | गे Ge | Mars | Vasu |
| 24 | Śatabhiṣā | गो Go | सा Sa | सी Si | सू Su | Rahu | Varuna |
| 25 | Pūrva Bhādrapadā | से Se | सो So | दा Da | दी Di | Jupiter | Aja Ek Pada |
| 26 | Uttara Bhādrapadā | दू Du | थ Tha | झ Jha | त्र Da/Tra | Saturn | Ahirbudhnya |
| 27 | Revati | दे De | दो Do | च Cha | ची Chi | Mercury | Pooshan |