Muhammad Khan Junejo
Mohammad Khan Junejo was a Pakistani politician and statesman who served as the tenth prime minister of Pakistan from 1985 to 1988 under president Zia-ul-Haq. He sought to strengthen the parliamentary system and assert civilian control over national affairs, which resulted in tensions with the Zia administration, ultimately leading to his dismissal.
His inquiries into the Ojhri Camp Disaster, appointment of Aslam Beg as VCOAS, various Corps Commanders, growing control over senior military promotions, forays into international politics, rejecting Zia appointments in his cabinet, stance against martial law, austerity policies and purported spying on Zia through the civilianized Intelligence Bureau all contributed to the souring in their relation.
Junejo was an influential landowner and involved in the agricultural industry. He was educated in Karachi, where he attended the St. Patrick's College, and was trained as an agriculturist at Agricultural Institute, Plumpton College in the United Kingdom. He gained public notice when he joined the Ayub administration and subsequently held cabinet portfolio of railways, health, communications and labour from 1963 to 1969.
After participating in the 1985 elections, he was chosen to form the government on Pakistan Muslim League's platform, of which, he took over the party's presidency. His government was noted for its support of conservatism, austerity measures that reduced the government budget deficit, and repealing of the emergency laws which allowed the freedom of press and media in the country. Despite strong resistance and fierce opposition from President Zia-ul-Haq, Junejo authorized his Foreign Minister Zain Noorani to sign and ratify the Geneva Accords in 1988. His relations with President Zia-ul-Haq further soured when he opened a parliamentary inquiry on the Ojhri Camp disaster in 1988. On 29 May 1988, Prime Minister Junejo was dismissed by President Zia over charges on incompetence and economic stagflation and immediately called for new general elections. After the general elections held in 1988, he led his own faction while holding ceremonial party's presidency.
Early life and education
Mohammad Khan Junejo belonged to a Sindhi Rajput Family. He was born in Mirpur Khas District, Sindh, British India on 18 August 1932. He hailed from an influential agriculturalist family in Sindh that had a traditional conservative mindset.He was educated at the St. Patrick's High School in Karachi and later graduated from the St. Patrick's College. He went to Hastings in England where he was trained as an agriculturist and earned a diploma to be certified in 1954.
Junejo was an agriculturist and a farmer who cultivated the famed Sindhri mangoes in his local village in Mirpur Khas. His father, Deen Mohammed Junejo a landowner in modern day Mirpurkhas District is also notable for being the one to introduce South Indian variety of mango to his plantations, which over time developed into the Sindhri mango. Junejo was a conservative Muslim and a dominant figure in his village, who had his wife living in the village for her entire life, and kept her out of public sight even when he was elected as prime minister and eventually moved to Prime Minister's Secretariat. Nothing or very little was known about his wife as he often traveled and visited other states with his elder daughter; he was married with five children.
Early Political career
Upon returning from the United Kingdom in 1954, he joined the Pakistan Muslim League and under Ayub Khan's Basic Democracies system was elected as Chairman of Chairman of the Sanghar Local Board and worked as a party worker for the Muslim League until 1963. He participated in elections and was elected for West-Pakistan legislative assembly and soon he joined the Ayub administration and subsequently held cabinet department of Health, Communications and Labour until 1965. He again successfully participated in the presidential elections in 1965 and was elevated as the Minister of Railways under the Ayub administration which he served until 1969.From 1970 to 1977, he was unable to defend his constituency from Sanghar but became closer to religious leader Pir Pagara, of which he later became his political missionary and devoted disciple of the Pir. In 1977, he was named as a caretaker cabinet minister when General Zia-ul-Haq, the chief of army staff, took over the civilian government led by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. From 1977 to 1979, he served as the Railway minister but later resigned in 1979.
Prime Minister of Pakistan (1985-1988)
Election
In January 1985, President Zia-ul-Haq announced to hold nationwide general elections that would be based on non-partisanism– there have been political rumors that the U.S. President Ronald Reagan had a subsequent political role in such regards.Junejo was successful in defending his constituency from the Sanghar District and was known to be a religiopolitical missionary of Pir Pagara who had been leading his own political faction in Sindh. President Zia considered three names for the appointment of the Prime Minister that included: Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, Liaquat Ali Jatoi and Junejo– all were from Sindh.
Two days after the promulgation of the RCO on 2 March 1985, President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq held a meeting with the Martial Law Administrators to select a prime minister. According to amendments in the constitution the President was to nominate a prime minister from the newly elected National Assembly. The MLAs decided since that former deposed prime minister, Z. A. Bhutto was Sindhi, the new prime minister should also be from Sindh. The MLAs supported the candidacy of Elahi Bakhsh Soomro over Mohammad Khan Junejo. However, after General Zia's consultation with Pir Sahib Pagara led to the dropping of Soomro and Junejo being selected for the role.
President Zia hand-picked and appointed Junejo as prime minister through an invitation to form the civilian government in accordance with the Revival of Constitution Order. His mindset reflected a conservatism and was a powerful feudalist whom President Zia considered him to be ineffective in leading towards the decision-making processes. and after securing votes in the Parliament through the Vote of Confidence, he met with President Zia and reportedly asking him about the ending of the martial law. According to General Khalid Mahmud Arif, Junejo neither expressed happiness or thanked Zia after news of his appointment as prime minister.
End of Martial Law
On 20 March at 8:00 PM, Zia welcomed Junejo in his office and told him he planned to nominate him as Prime Minister of Pakistan, Junejo rather than thank the President instead immediately questioned him "When do you plan to remove Martial Law?" Zia tried to convince the Prime Minister that Martial Law would now support the Prime Minister. Early in his premiership during an address as the National Assembly, Junejo stated that Martial Law and Democracy could not coexist. Zia did not appreciate these remarks and Gen Mujibur Rehman, Zia's information secretary had them expunged from the PTV telecast.On 30 December 1985 Martial Law was lifted after Junejo had managed to "push" Zia enough.
Civilian Premiership
Following the lifting of martial law on his repeated instances Junejo announced his cabinet in which he rejected many of Zia's cabinet appointments, only accepting Sahibzada Yaqub Khan as foreign minister and Mahbubul Haq as Minister for Planning and Development and later Finance Minister. Junejo also removed Lt. Gen. Mujibur Rehman from his position as Secretary of the Ministry of Information. Anwar Zahid, a civil servant posted by Zia as the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister was replaced by Junejo by Captain Usman Ali Isani, which whom he was more comfortable. He kept two ministerial departments of defence and interior.He also overrode Zia-ul-Haq's objections to on having the same military staff as the president on the basis that the previous deposed PM Z. A. Bhutto had this privilege. He also exercised his own judgement in the appointment of key officials including federal secretaries, ambassadors, chief secretaries and inspectors-general of police. Junejo demanded the right to join the president in the ceremonial state coach and to jointly take salute on the occasion of the 23rd-March parade, later winning the right to independently act as chief guest on the 14th August official ceremony.
Prime Minister Junejo's social policies led to the political independence when he was appointed as the President of Pakistan Muslim League. His policy also included the freedom of the press despite the opposition he faced from President Zia in this issue. He gained popularity for his daring stance and disagreement with Zia over a number of issues.
On the economic front, he took the austerity measures and ultimately halted the Islamization of Economy process ran under the Zia regime, which put him at odds with President Zia.
Junejo attended every session of parliament and remained accessible even after office hours in order to build ties with members of parliament who were elected on non-party basis and had their own personal power bases. In an order issued through the Pakistan Banking Council, no bank was authorized to sanction a loan to any political office-holder without first referring the matter to him.
The Prime Minister also had an interest in foreign relations, meeting with President Ronald Reagan in 1986, Rajiv Gandhi at the 1987 SAARC Summit in Kathmandu, and the Emperor of Japan, Hirohito the same year.
Junejo was in Skardu when he received word that element in Parliament were mustering support to defeat the vote schedule for the June 1985 budget. The Prime Minister then spent the next two days on the phone with members of the National Assembly identifying issues in proposed tax changes which were causing problems. He then requested the finance minister to remove the most unpopular ones before the vote. The finance minister than suggested austerity measures to offset losses in taxes. Proposing to make it mandatory for members of the cabinet and civil officers who were entitled official cars to use locally assembled 1000cc Suzuki's. Junejo sought to implement these austerity measures in the 1987-88 Federal Budget.
When Junejo made the announcement in parliament in June 1987 he added generals to the austerity list, which received widespread media coverage and editorial praise. The budget was passed.
Junejo continued to speak publicly about reducing the perks and privileges of senior military officers, at one point threatening to remove their large staff cars and putting them in domestically produced Suzuki mini-cars. This evoked a response from Lt. Gen. Ejaz Azim on the newspaper The Muslim on 28 June 1987, who according to Shuja Nawaz was encouraged by Zia to write an article that defended the senior leadership of the army.
When Benazir Bhutto returned to Pakistan, Zia maintained that her supporters would not be allowed to welcome her at the airport. At a meeting in Lahore chaired by Zia, Junejo said the government should under no circumstances stop the crowds. "There is democracy in the country," Further remarking. "We cannot prevent people from gathering to receive her." Junejo managed to prevail over the President.
In order to strengthen his own position Junejo sought to create a government party. Political parties could be officially registered from February 1986 onwards, but Junejo registered a new reconstituted Pakistan Muslim League a month early, linking his with the Pagaro Muslim League, becoming President of the new party, which was the only party legally allowed to hold the name 'Muslim League.' Following the response accorded to Benazir Bhutto, convinced Junejo that the party would need populist support. Its eleven-resolution manifesto published on 2 July promised economic reforms for the rural and urban poor, even of Junejo lacked the political base to do so. He gained legislative support by allowing members of the National Assembly to disburse development funds and residential plots to their own constituents.