Marcus Rediker
Marcus Buford Rediker is an American historian, writer, professor, and social activist. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from Virginia Commonwealth University in 1976 and attended the University of Pennsylvania for graduate study, earning a Master of Arts and Ph.D. in history. He taught at Georgetown University from 1982 to 1994 and is currently a Distinguished Professor of Atlantic History of the Department of History at the University of Pittsburgh.
Rediker is best known for his books on piracy and the Middle Passage that follow a people's history narrative. On occasion, Rediker has collaborated with contemporaries such as Peter Linebaugh and Paul Buhle. Rediker has also worked on the production of a one-man show based on Quaker abolitionist Benjamin Lay with playwright Naomi Wallace as well as a documentary on La Amistad with filmmaker Tony Buba.
Politically, Rediker has described himself as far-left, but he does not align with any political party. Rediker is a staunch opponent of capital punishment and supports reparations for slavery. He is a two-time winner of the Merle Curti Award and won the George Washington Book Prize in 2008. Rediker received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities, American Council of Learned Societies, and the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and was recognized by the Organization of American Historians as a distinguished lecturer from 2002 to 2008.
Early life
Rediker was born in Owensboro, Kentucky, on October 14, 1951, to Buford and Faye Rediker. He is the first of two children, preceding his brother Shayne. Rediker's family came from a working class background, and they later moved to Nashville, Tennessee and Richmond, Virginia. Rediker has credited his grandfather, a coal miner, as one of his earliest influences. In a 2018 interview, Rediker said that "It took me many years but I finally realized that the kinds of stories I like to tell, and the books I have written, have his Appalachian storytelling tradition behind them."A first-generation college student, Rediker began attending Vanderbilt University in 1969 before dropping out in 1971. Commenting on his time at Vanderbilt, Rediker recalled that he felt out of place due to the university's connections with the Southern elite. Initially attending on a basketball scholarship, Rediker credited campus protests against the Vietnam War, the civil rights movement, and the black power movement with influencing both his interest in history and his political beliefs. In Richmond, Rediker worked in a DuPont textile factory for three years making cellophane. The factory faced extreme racial tension, with Rediker describing supporters of Malcolm X and a Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan working alongside him. Rediker's experiences with his co-workers fueled his passion for social history.
Education
Rediker's job motivated him to read books and attend two night school courses on the American and French Revolution. After being laid off from the factory, Rediker enrolled at Virginia Commonwealth University. In 1976, Rediker graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in history. Rediker later attended the University of Pennsylvania for his graduate studies, working under Richard Slator Dunn. Originally intending to study Caribbean history, Rediker developed a deep fascination in Atlantic history while writing a research paper on sailors and pirates. Rediker published his dissertation, Society and Culture Among Anglo-American Deep Sea Sailors, 1700-1750, in 1982. At the University of Pennsylvania, Rediker earned a Master of Arts and Ph.D. in history.Career
Rediker began teaching at Georgetown University in 1982 before leaving to work at the University of Pittsburgh in 1994, where he has primarily taught ever since. Rediker was the Dan and Maggie Inouye Distinguished Chair of Democratic Ideals at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa during the 2019-2020 semester.File:Joseph Mallord William Turner - A Disaster at Sea - N00558 - National Gallery.jpg|left|thumb|237x237px|Rediker's resignation from Tate Britain centered around J.M.W. Turner's unfinished 1835 painting A Disaster at Sea.Throughout his career, Rediker has written several books on Atlantic social, labor, and maritime history. For certain books, he collaborated with contemporaries such as Peter Linebaugh and Paul Buhle. In 2023, Rediker and Buhle co-wrote two graphic novels illustrated by David Lester. Rediker has written opinion pieces for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Boston Globe, Los Angeles Times, The Nation, and The New York Times.
Tate Britain
After serving five years as guest curator of the Tate Britain art museum in the J.M.W. Turner Gallery, Rediker resigned in June 2023 after his request to display a punishment box in front of Turner's 1835 painting, A Disaster at Sea, was denied by the museum. The painting, which was never finished, is theorized to have been based on the 1833 loss of Amphitrite, a British merchant and convict ship. On her final voyage, Amphitrite carried 108 female convicts and 12 children, all of whom perished. According to Rediker, the box was meant as a tribute to the ship's victims. Rediker alleged that the museum censored his proposal, though the museum claimed it was denied due to uncertainty surrounding the depicted ship's identity and the box's "domineering presence".File:Benjamin Lay painted by William Williams in 1790.jpg|thumb|209x209px|Rediker wrote a book and a play on Quaker abolitionist Benjamin Lay. Rediker called Lay “the most fascinating historical person that most people have never heard of,”.
Other work
In May 2013, Rediker and filmmaker Tony Buba traveled to the home villages of slaves that revolted on the Spanish vessel La Amistad in July 1839. During their trip to southern Sierra Leone, Rediker and Buba conducted interviews with village elders and searched for the ruins of the Lomboko slave factory. A documentary chronicling the journey, Ghosts of Amistad: In the Footsteps of Rebels premiered in November 2014 at the Three Rivers Film Festival in Pittsburgh. The film has been screened at multiple film festivals and universities across the world and aired on PBS since its release.In 2017, Rediker and playwright Naomi Wallace started production on a play based on Benjamin Lay, a Quaker abolitionist. The play originated from an idea Rediker and Wallace had for a joint lecture in Berlin, where an actor dressed up as Lay would interrupt the presentation and monologue. After conference organizers rejected their proposal, Rediker and Wallace withdrew in protest and began writing the play. The Return of Benjamin Lay debuted at the Finborough Theatre in June 2023. A one-man show, the performance features Lay played by Mark Povinelli plead for his return to the Quaker community. The play received positive reviews from critics such as Michael Billington, who praised Povinelli's performance. The show played until July 8, 2023. In April 2023, Rediker announced he would again collaborate with Tony Buba on a film chronicling the making of the play.
Scholarship
Informed by Marxian economics, Rediker's works explore their respective subjects in systemic terms while emphasizing human class-consciousness and agency. Historical narratives that emphasize the plights of the poor and oppressed are known as a people's history or "history from below".Rediker has contended that few historians have used this narrative outside of American history, and that the struggle of the oppressed has had a largely unspoken yet considerable impact on world history. Though Rediker has admitted that finding primary sources from his subjects can be difficult, he says that the "history from below" approach better humanizes his subjects and offers a more detailed point of view than other historical narratives. Rediker regards this approach as “the most democratic and inclusive kind of history".
Pirates and sailors
Rediker has written numerous works on pirates and sailors as pre-industrial laborers and how piracy was a direct result of collectivism and solidarity between sailors. Viewing the pirates as a "motley crew", Rediker highlights the multiculturalism and alliances between pirate crews. This approach puts perspective on the egalitarianism of some pirate crews. In Villains of All Nations, Rediker wrote that by mutinying or capturing a ship, pirates were seizing the means of maritime production from merchant capitalists and declaring their ships to be under common ownership.According to Rediker, pirates were not just targeted by the authorities because of their illegal activities, but also for liberating and radicalizing laborers. Rediker argues that this form of imperial oppression is still present in the modern day, with Rediker using the United States' actions against revolutions in Vietnam, Cuba, and Nicaragua as examples of such persecution.Slaves
As a practitioner of people's history, Rediker underlines the ruthlessness of sea captains and the squalor of slave ships in his works on slavery. In the introduction to The Slave Ship: A Human History, Rediker presents four dramas: the relations between slave ship captains and their crew, the relations between slave ship captains and their slaves, conflict among the enslaved, and the abolitionist image of the slave ships. In that same introduction, Rediker summarizes that the link between slave ships and social relations shaped the modern world despite their obscure histories.In describing what he wanted to accomplish in his book, The Amistad Rebellion: An Atlantic Odyssey of Slavery and Freedom, Rediker commented that he wanted to call attention to how the slave trade contributed to the rise of capitalism. Rediker mentioned that the role slave ships had in forming the concept of race was critical to the book, going on to say that the concept of race was created aboard the slave ships when multi-ethnic Africans were labelled as negroes and subjected to violence and terror.