Madurese language


Madurese is a language of the Madurese people, native to the Madura Island and eastern part of Java, Indonesia; it is also spoken by migrants to other parts of Indonesia, namely the Surabaya, Malang, Gresik, eastern salient of Java, the Masalembu Islands, Raas Islands, and some on Kalimantan. It was traditionally written in the Javanese script, but the Latin script and the Pegon script is now more commonly used. The number of speakers, though shrinking, is estimated to be 10–14 million, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the country. Bawean language, which is a dialect of Madurese, is also spoken by Bawean people in Bawean Island, Indonesia. Then also by their descendants in Malaysia and Singapore.

Classification

According to K. Alexander Adelaar, Madurese is a Malayo-Sumbawan language of the Malayo-Polynesian language family, a branch of the larger Austronesian language family. Thus, despite apparent geographic spread, Madurese is more related to Balinese, Malay, Sasak, and Sundanese, than it is to Javanese, the language used on the island of Java just across Madura Island.
Links between Bali–Sasak languages and Madurese are more evident with the vernacular form.

Phonology

Latin letters are given according to the 2008 orthography.

Vowels

Vowels,,, and its higher counterparts,,, are usually in complementary distribution. The last 4 vowels occur after voiced and aspirated consonants, while the first 4 vowels occur elsewhere. Consonants,, and, although by default lower the vowels, are transparent after higher vowels, for example belli "to buy" instead of *bellè.

Consonants

Madurese has more consonants than its neighboring languages due to it having voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated, and voiced unaspirated. Similar to Javanese, it has a contrast between dental and alveolar stops.
The letters,,,, and are used in loanwords.

Writing system

Alphabet letters

Currently Madurese is mainly used the Latin script than other scripts, the Latin alphabet in Madurese is known as Alfabet Latèn. The Latin alphabet letters used in Madurese spelling are as follows. The name of each letter is listed next to it.
LetterNameLetterNameLetterName
A aaJ jjeS ses
B bbeK kkaT tte
C cceL lelU uu
D ddeM memV vve
E eeN nenW wwe
F fefO ooX xex
G ggeP ppeY yye
H hhaQ qqiZ zzet
I iiR rer

Vowels

Note:
1. The vowel /a/ has two sound variations, namely and ; The vowel /a/ will sound if the consonant is
attached to it are voiceless consonants and consonants
nasal, will sound if the consonant is attached to it
in the form of voiced consonants. For practical purposes, second
The sound symbol /a/ is both used.
2. The diacritical mark on the vowel /è/ is still used
because /è/ and /e/ in Madurese are phonemes
different, as in the words seksek and sèksèk
, tèmbhâng and tembhâng.

Consonant letters

Note:
1. The consonants /f/, /q/, /v/, /x/, and /z/ are used in Madurese to write words that are loanwords.
2. For practical purposes, the hamzah or glottal stop sound
is symbolized by an apostrophe. This symbol is used because the velar /k/ and the glottal /k/ are different phonemes in Madurese. Furthermore, glottal stops in Madurese are often placed in the middle of words. Examples include: "paka" , "cèlo", and "pa'a" .

Consonant Combinations

In Madurese, there are five letter combinations that represent consonants: "kh," "ng," "ny," "sy," and "th," as well as five aspirated consonants. In Madurese, aspirated and unaspirated consonants are distinct phonemes and therefore require different symbols. For example, bârâ and bhârâ ; ḍâḍâ and ḍhâḍhâ ; bâjâ and bâjhâ as well as bâgi and bâghi.

Diphthongs

In Madurese, there are three diphthongs symbolized by ay, oy, and uy.
Consonant LettersExamples at the Beginning of WordsExamples in the Middle of WordsExamples at the End of Words
aynyaynyay tapay
labây
oyloyloy kompoy
uykerbhuy

Morphology

Madurese nouns are not inflected for gender and are pluralized via reduplication. Its basic word order is subject–verb–object. Negation is expressed by putting a negative particle before the verb, adjective or noun phrase. As with other similar languages, there are different negative particles for different kinds of negation.

Vocabulary

Numerals

Language levels

Madurese, like Sasak, Javanese, and Balinese, also has levels/register, but they differ slightly in that they are divided into only three:
  • Èngghi-Bhunten, is the most polite and refined form of speech used to show respect for the person being spoken to or discussed. This includes addressing parents, elders, teachers, people of higher rank, community leaders, and other respected figures.
  • Èngghi-Enten
  • Enjâ'-Iyâ, is a sentence form used in familiar situations among peers or younger people. This is often used in everyday social situations. Enjâ'-Iyâ is not commonly used in first meetings; speakers usually ask permission to use Enjâ'-Iyâ after getting to know each other. With younger speakers or children, Enjâ'-Iyâ is common and acceptable to use without asking permission first.
Example:
  • "¿Saponapa arghâèpon pao panèka?" "How much are the mangoes?"
  • "¿Sanapè arghâna paona?" "How much are the mangoes?"
  • "¿Bârâmpa arghâna paona?" "How much does the mango cost?"

    Dialects

Madurese language also has dialects spread throughout the region where it is spoken. There are several dialects that are commonly used, such as:
  1. Western Madurese
  2. #Bangkalan dialect
  3. #Sampang dialect
  4. Eastern Madurese
  5. #
  6. #Sumenep dialect
  7. Pendalungan Madurese
  8. #Banyuwangi dialect
  9. #Bondowoso dialect
  10. #Jember dialect
  11. #Lumajang dialect
  12. #Pasuruan dialect
  13. #Probolinggo dialect
  14. #Situbondo dialect
  15. Bawean dialect
  16. # Daun subdialect
  17. # Kepuhteluk subdialect
  18. # [|Bawean Creole] subdialect
  19. # Suwari subdialect
  20. Islands Madurese
  21. #Giliraja–Raas dialect
  22. #Sapudi dialect
The dialect used as the standard form of Madurese is the Sumenep dialect, because in the past Sumenep was the center of the Madurese kingdom and culture. The other dialects are rural dialects that gradually blended with the mobilization of Madurese society. Meanwhile, in the eastern salient of Java, these dialects often mix with Javanese language, and this dialect itself is called the Pendalungan dialect. The Pendalungan Madurese people outside Situbondo, Bondowoso, and the eastern part of Probolinggo, generally master the Javanese language, in addition to the Madurese language.
For example, in the case of the pronoun 'you':
  • The word bâ'en 'you' is commonly used in Bangkalan. However, the word bâ'na is used in Sumenep and Bawean.
  • The word kakè 'you' is commonly used in eastern part of Bangkalan and Sampang.
  • The words hèdâ and sèdâ 'you' are used in rural areas of Bangkalan.

    Sample text

From Article 1 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
;Latin: Sâdhâjâna orèng lahèr mardhika èsarengè dhrâjhât klabân ha'-ha' sè padâ. Sâdhâjâna èparèngè akal sareng nurani bân kodhu areng-sareng akanca kadhi tarètan.
;Aksara Pèghu:
;Translation: "All Human Beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."