Longxing Temple
The Longxing Monastery or Longxing Temple is an ancient Buddhist monastery located in the town of Zhengding in Hebei Province, China, approximately north of the provincial capital of Shijiazhuang. It has been referred to as the "Best Temple south of Beijing".
History
The monastery was first built in AD 586, during the Sui dynasty. Its original name was Longcang monastery. One of the oldest stelas on the grounds of the monastery, the "Longcangsi Stele", dates from the year the monastery's foundation. Much of it was reconstructed during the Song dynasty. Today, the Longxing Temple is open to the public as a museum.Landscape
Following a common pattern, the monastery complex features a central axis along which a sequence of buildings and focal points is arranged. The first building is the Tianwang Hall. At the opposite end of the axis is the Dabei Pavillion, a -high wooden structure, which houses a bronze statue of Guanyin cast during the early years of the Song dynasty. Inside the hall, a staircase leads around the statue which allows it to be seen from top to bottom.Other notable artworks of the monastery include a colorful wooden carving of Guanyin sitting in a grotto and statues of Buddha sitting on a lotus throne.
A unique piece of 12th-century wood architecture from the Song dynasty in the temple is the Zhuanlunzang Pavilion, which was restored in the 20th century. The pavilion houses a rotating bookshelf which was formerly used to store holy texts and Buddhist sūtras. It is the oldest existent rotating repository of its kind.
Architecture
The whole monastery of Longxing Temple has its gate facing the south. There is a clear axis from the south to the north and all the buildings in the Longxing Temple are aligned to it.Tianwang Hall
The Tianwang dian, or Hall of Four Heavenly Kings is the first building along the axis of Longxing Temple. It also acts as the main entrance of the whole monastery of Longxing Temple. As is recorded, this hall was built in the early Song dynasty. It was restored several times in history and some of them are recorded, which happened in the 37th year of the Wanli Period, Ming dynasty, 34th year of Kangxi Period, Qing dynasty and 41st year of Kangxi Period, Qing dynasty. In the 45th year of the Qianlong Period, Qing dynasty, the restoration work tilted the hall to make it face the south as it is today and to be consistent with other major halls. Despite all the restorations in the succeeding dynasties, the main beams and frames of the hall have remained unchanged since the Song dynasty and the overall structural style has been roughly retained.The Hall of the Four Heavenly Kings is 23.28m in length and 9.62m in width, with doors on both long sides, facing the south and north. The roof is in the East Asian hip-and-gable roof style, which indicates its status as a high-level temple. Four statues of the Four Heavenly Kings, each of 4.8m in height, were worshipped on the east and west end of the hall, two on each side. The original statues were demolished in 1966 and what we see today are made in 1982.
In the center of the hall sits a gilded statue of the Monk Budai which was also called the "Laughing Buddha" or "Fat Buddha" by the locals.
''Dajueliushi'' Hall (Relics)
The Dajueliushi Hall is the second hall of the monastery and should have been the main hall, located right to the north of the Hall of Four Heavenly Kings. This hall is dedicated to the six mentors of Shijiamouni, namely Vipassī Buddha, Sikhī Buddha, Vessabhū Buddha, Kakusandha Buddha, Koṇāgamana Buddha and Kasyapa Matanga. In Chinese, the "liushi" part in its name means "Six Mentors" or "Six Masters". There was a statue of Shijiamouni himself accompanied by six statues of the six mentors in the hall and over a hundred small statues of the Arhats and Bodhisattvas. So the locals also refer to this hall as "the hall of the seven buddhas".The hall was built in the Yuanfeng Period in the Song dynasty with the hip roof style, which is the highest level of roof styles in ancient China. In the following centuries, it was restored several times. In the early years of the Republic of China, it collapsed due to poor maintenance and war. Now only the stone platform exists, on which the wooden structure stood in history.
The hall is nine Jian by six Jians, covering, which is slightly larger than the largest existing Buddhist hall in China, the Main Hall of Fengguo Temple. Nine was the largest number allowed for the Jians of Buddhist halls in the hierarchy system in ancient China. The Dajueliushi Hall, if still existing, should be the largest and highest-level Buddhist hall all over China.
Mani Hall
The Mani Hall is the third hall along the axis of Longxing Temple and is regarded as the most important one of all the halls in Longxing Temple. The hall was constructed in the 4th year of the Huangyou Period of the Song dynasty. It was one of the most intact building from the Song dynasty in China. and was restored several times in history, among which the restoration in 1977–1980 was the most thorough one.The hall was built on a high brick and stone platform. The dimension is seven Jians by seven, covering over. The East Asian hip-and-gable roof style was used here with two levels of eaves. The floor plan appeared to be almost a regular square but was added with one Baosha on each of the four sides. This combination of square layout, Baosha, and the roof style gave the building a unique exterior appearance, complicated and magnificent. Liang Sicheng, the respected Chinese architect, commented with a surprise when he first saw this hall in 1933: "Except for the corner towers of the Forbidden City, such layout can only be found in the paintings of the Song dynasty. The picturesque elegancy, the solemn and vigorous ancient style gave me an indescribable feeling. In particular, from the perspective of its form, the Mani Hall is overlaying and magnificent, which is indeed one of the finest pieces of architecture art. It broadens our horizon of ancient Chinese architecture."
The structural system of Mani Hall was derived from Yingzao Fashi. The Dougongs drew particular attention from researchers with there large quantity and various styles. The complicated roof was supported by 127 Dougongs, which can be categorized into over 20 styles. For example, the Dougongs supporting the lower eaves are 1.2m in height, equivalent to 1/3 of the column height. Such dimensions Dougongs are typical Song style and can not be found in the Ming or Qing style buildings.
In the center of the hall stands a group of Buddha statues. The gilded Shijiamouni sits in the middle on an octangle Xumi platform with two of his disciples standing on both sides. Besides, Puxian and Wenshu each sits on a lotus-like Xumi platform on the left and right ends of the group.
On the back of the group of statues, near the north entrance of the hall, where should have been a plain wall like in other similar halls, another group of statues can be seen occupying the whole wall. It is way more complicated and beautiful than the frontal one. Guanyin, the Buddhist figure representing great compassion and mercy in Chinese culture sits elegantly on a colored cloud in the center, with right foot stepping on a lotus, and left leg casually put on the right one. Around Guanyin, the reliefs depict the scene of a colorful mountain in the vast and wavy sea, which is supposed to be the Mount Putuo, where legends say Guanyin manifested itself and inspired people. That's why this statue is also called the "Guanyin in Mountain". This group of statues is unique for making the Buddhist figure look like a kind and pretty lady instead of the traditional serious or solemn image, giving people a closer and even intimate feeling. Some researchers believe this group of statues was made in the 42nd year of the Jiajing Period of the Ming dynasty according to a tablet embedded in the wall. The famous Chinese writer Lu Xun love this Guanyin statue in particular and put a photo of it on his working desk so as to see it every day. Some opinions say it was built during the Song dynasty.
The inner surfaces of the walls of the Mani Hall are all decorated with fresco. They are painted in the same period when the hall was constructed. All of the frescos depict the Buddhist stories or figures. There were originally of frescos, of which remain. They are regarded as some of the finest pieces in the history of Chinese paintings.
Precept Platform
The Precept Platform is the place for monks and worshipers to undertake the precepts of Buddhism and for Buddhist ceremonies.The platform consists of a two-level square stone platform in the form of Xumi platform and a wooden structure covering it. The first level of the stone platform is 12.93m by 12.93m in layout and 0.88m in height; the second level is 10.35m by 10.35m by 1.16m. The stone platform is believed to be constructed during the Song dynasty.
However, the wooden structure, in the style of a tented roof, shows typical Qing style features, where the Dougongs are small and mainly function as decoration instead of key structural elements. It is inferred that the wooden structure was constructed during the early Qing dynasty.
The stone platform, covered by a wooden structure, sits a bronze double-faced Buddha statue, which was cast in the 6th year of the Hongzhi Period of the Ming dynasty. The south face is Amituofo and the north face is Yaoshi.
There was a circle of cloister around, which was recorded by Liang Sicheng in 1933 when he did a survey in Longxing Temple. But it can no longer be seen today.
Zhuanlunzang Pavillion and Cishi Pavillion
The Zhuanlunzang Pavilion and the Pavilion of Mi Le are both two-floor buildings. They are located to the north of the precept platform with the Zhuanlunzang Pavilion in the west and the Pavilion of Maitreya in the east, face to face. There is no clear record of when these pavilions were constructed. However, judging from the structural features, researchers believe the Zhuanlunzang Pavilion was constructed during the early Song dynasty, while the Pavilion of Maitreya was built later.The Zhuanlunzang Pavilion acted as the library in the monastery. An octagonal Zhuanlunzang was installed in the center of its ground floor, which remains intact today but is no longer used. Zhuanlunzangs are not rare in history, but an early-built large one that was kept today like this in the Longxing Temple is rarely seen in other parts of the world. To accommodate this Zhuanlunzang, the building adopted some unique structural techniques, including shifting the columns, using some curved beams, etc. This structure system drew particular attention from architects and researchers including Liang Sicheng.
The Cishi Pavillion is dedicated to the future Buddha Mi Le, with "Cishi" being one of his epithets. The building has two floors while the first floor is only a circle of passageways. In the center stands a tall statue of Mi Le that was carved from a single piece of wood and decorated with colorful paints. This statue was made during the Song dynasty.