List of halal and kosher fish

This is a list of fish that are considered both halal, by Muslims according to sharia, and kosher, by Jews according to halakha.

Inclusion criteria

Halal

Sunni

In Sunni Islam, there are two general schools of thought. Most Sunni Muslim schools of jurisprudence hold as a general rule that all "sea game" are permissible to eat with a few minor exceptions. Thus, for example, the local dish Laksa, is deemed permissible in the Shafi'i Sunni Muslim majority nations of Indonesia and Malaysia where it is commonly consumed.

Hanafi

In the Hanafi school, one of the four Sunni schools, only "fish" are permissible, including eel, croaker and hagfish.
Any other sea creatures which are not fish, therefore, are also makruh tahrimi whether they breathe oxygen from water through gills, molluscs such as clams, octopus, mussels and squid, especially if they breathe oxygen from air through lungs.
However, in the Hanafi school of thought, there is a difference of opinion regarding whether or not shrimp and prawns are fish or not. Those who say they are halal say that the Arabs used to consider them fish, thus permissible. Whereas others state that prawns and shrimps are not actually fish nor do they look like one so shrimps and prawns are not permissible. Also the Hanafi scholars prohibit fish which died of natural causes and starts to float on the surface of the water.

Shia

Under the Ja'fari jurisprudence followed by most Shia Muslims, only certain fish are considered permissible for consumption. Any fish without scales are haram but fish that do have scales are permissible. Shia scholars tend to teach that no other aquatic creatures are halal, with the exception of certain edible aquatic crustaceans, which are also Halal like scaled fish.
The Ja'fari Shia Islam rules are approximately equivalent to kashrut rules. The two are generally the least inclusive:

Both traditions require true fish scales. Specifically, Jafari Shia Islam excludes octopus exoskeleton, and Judaism requires visible scales.
Judaism additionally requires fins, a rule that serves to limit the scope to true fish, and exclude animals with exoskeletons that may be interpreted as scales, such as shrimp. All true fish with scales have fins, but the converse is not true.

All fish in this article have true fish scales, an endoskeleton, fins, and gills. The requirement for gills is not part of any religious rule, but biologically it is an identifying characteristic of true fish. Any animal lacking any of the latter three features is not a fish, and is therefore not valid for this article.
The rules are relaxed in some Islamic schools of thought, both Shia and Sunni. Some have looser definitions which include the exoskeleton of crustaceans as "scales", others yet include the softer exoskeletons of prawns as "scales" but exclude the harder exoskeletons of lobsters. They also differ in the definition of fish, some adopting a loose definition to include all water life.

Kosher

According to the chok or divine decrees of the Torah and the Talmud, for a fish to be declared kosher, it must have scales and fins.
The definition of "scale" differs from the definitions presented in biology, in that the scales of a kosher fish must be visible to the eye, present in the adult form, and can be easily removed from the skin either by hand or scaling knife.
Thus, a grass carp, mirror carp, and salmon are kosher, whereas a shark, whose "scales" are microscopic dermal denticles, a sturgeon, whose scutes cannot be easily removed without cutting them out of the body, and a swordfish, which loses all of its scales as an adult, are all not kosher.
When a kosher fish is removed from the water, it is considered "slaughtered", and it is unnecessary to ritually kill it in the manner of kosher livestock. However, kosher law explicitly forbids the consumption of a fish while it is still alive.

Fish with dairy

Although Joseph Karo of Safed, in his 16th-century legal commentary the Beit Yosef, considers eating milk and fish together to be a health risk, Karo does not mention a prohibition of eating dairy and fish together in the Shulchan Aruch.
Most rabbinic authorities from that time onwards, including almost all Ashkenazi ones, have ruled that this was a scribal error, and there is neither Talmudic basis nor any other rabbinical precedent for prohibiting milk and fish, and thus permit such mixtures. Indeed, two passages in the Babylonian Talmud implicitly state that it is entirely permissible.
Nevertheless, since Karo and other rabbis wrote that milk and fish should not be mixed, there are some Jewish communities whose practice is not to mix them. The Chabad custom is not to eat fish together with actual milk, but to permit it where other dairy products are involved, so that adding a touch of butter or cream to the milk is sufficient to permit mixing it with fish.

List of permitted fish

Sea Creature Category	Hanafi	Shafi‘i	Maliki	Hanbali	Ja‘fari
True Fish	Halal, provided the animal is recognized as "fish".	Halal	Halal	Halal	Halal
Shellfish/Crustaceans	Generally not considered "true fish" and thus impermissible or at best makruh; nonetheless, there is a minority view among some Hanafi scholars that permits shrimp based on traditional usage.	Halal – all sea creatures are included under "sea game".	Halal – a broad permissibility is maintained.	Halal – similar to the Shafi‘i and Maliki view.	Generally impermissible since only fish with scales are allowed.
Mollusks	Impermissible.	Halal	Halal	Halal	Impermissible.
Marine Mammals	Generally avoided or deemed non-permissible since they do not fit the traditional definition of "fish".	Halal – the general ruling "what comes from the sea is lawful" applies.	Halal	Halal	Impermissible – as they are not classified as fish with scales.
Amphibious Creatures	Haram.	Haram	Haram	Haram	Haram
Reptiles	Haram – not considered part of the "sea game".	Haram	Haram	Haram	Haram