June 1924

June 1, 1924 (Sunday)

• Austrian Chancellor Ignaz Seipel was shot by a disgruntled worker. A bullet was extracted from his lung and he survived.
• The June Revolution began in Albania as an army of 6,000 nationalists marched on Tirana.
• Raymond Poincaré resigned as Prime Minister of France along with his entire cabinet.
• The Bengal Provincial Congress Committee passed a resolution acknowledging the sacrifice of Gopinath Saha. It stated that 'this conference, while denouncing and dissociating itself from violence and adhering to the principle of non-violence, appreciates Gopinath Saha's idea of self-sacrifice, misguided though it is, in respect of the country's best interest and expresses respect for such self-sacrifice.' Mahatma Gandhi opposed the resolution.
• What would become one of the most widely-heard radio stations in the U.S. as well as a widely-seen television station was created as the Chicago Tribune newspaper purchased Chicago's WDAP radio station and renamed it WGN, an abbreviation of the Tribune slogan, "World's Greatest Newspaper".
• Born: William Sloane Coffin, Christian clergyman; in New York City

  June 2, 1924 (Monday)

• In the United States, the Indian Citizenship Act was signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge, recognizing U.S. citizenship for all indigenous Native Americans who had been born within the United States and its territories, regardless of whether they had been granted citizenship by other means, such as service in the U.S. military or formal renunciation of tribal affiliation. At the time, there were 300,000 Native Americans in the U.S., of whom 175,000 had already been granted U.S. citizenship, out of a population measured in 1920 as 106,021,537 people.
• The Soviet Communist Party Central Committee selected the seven members of the Politburo, the de facto rulers of the Soviet Union. To replace the vacancy left by the death of Vladimir Lenin, candidate member Nikolai Bukharin was elevated to full status, while full members Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky, Alexei Rykov, Lev Kamenev, Mikhail Tomsky and Grigory Zinoviev were re-elected.
• U.S. President Coolidge signed the Revenue Act of 1924 into law, despite his many criticisms of the bill.
• The Frank Lloyd-directed film The Sea Hawk premiered at the Astor Theatre in New York City.
• In Germany, miners in the Ruhr ended their strike after accepting a 6 percent wage increase.
• Born:
• *Eric Voice, British Scottish nuclear scientist known for his decision to voluntarily ingest plutonium to demonstrate his belief that exposure was not lethal; in London
• *June Callwood, Canadian journalist, writer and activist; in Chatham, Ontario

  June 3, 1924 (Tuesday)

• The Gila Wilderness, which would become the first government-protected wilderness area in the world, was founded in the U.S. state of New Mexico as the first wilderness area in the National Forest System. The designation followed the lobbying efforts of Aldo Leopold, the United States Forest Service supervisor of the Carson National Forest, who proposed that the headwaters area of the Gila River should be preserved by an administrative process of excluding roads and denying use permits.
• In Albania, fighting was reported in Shkodër and Vlorë, while an Italian destroyer arrived at the port of Durrës. It was thought that Italy might intervene in the June Revolution if any Italian interests in Albania were threatened.
• Born:
• *Torsten Wiesel, Swedish neurophysiologist and 1981 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; in Uppsala
• *Muthuvel Karunanidhi, Indian author and politician who served four times as Chief Minister of the state of Tamil Nadu ; in Thirukkuvalai, Madras Province, British India
• *Jay Van Andel, American businessman and billionaire who co-founded the Amway Corporation; in Grand Rapids, Michigan
• *Herk Harvey, American film director, actor and producer known for Carnival of Souls; in Windsor, Colorado
• Died: Franz Kafka, 40, Austro-Hungarian-born author and playwright, died of starvation due to complications from laryngeal tuberculosis.

  June 4, 1924 (Wednesday)

• Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose contacted Albert Einstein to report his development of what would become known as the Bose–Einstein statistics. Bose mailed his short manuscript, Planck's Law and the Light Quantum Hypothesis to Einstein to get it published after the prestigious journal Philosophical Magazine rejected it. Einstein, recognizing the importance of the paper, translated it from English into German himself and submitted it on Bose's behalf to the prestigious Zeitschrift für Physik. Einstein would later apply Bose's principles on particles with mass and quickly predict the Bose-Einstein condensate.
• Anti-government forces in Albania captured Shkodër.
• The E.M. Forster novel A Passage to India was first published, originally by the British imprint Edward Arnold. It would be published in the U.S. August 14, 1924, by Harcourt, Brace and Company.
• Born: Dennis Weaver, American TV and film actor, known for McCloud, Gunsmoke and Gentle Ben, as well as being president of the Screen Actors Guild, 1973 to 1975.; in Joplin, Missouri

  June 5, 1924 (Thursday)

• Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb were indicted on 11 counts of murder and 16 counts of kidnapping arising from the death of Bobby Franks.
• Born: Art Donovan, American football player and inductee to the Pro Football Hall of Fame; in The Bronx, New York
• Died: Qian Nengxun, 55, former Premier of the Republic of China, 1918 to 1919

  June 6, 1924 (Friday)

• Germany's Reichstag approved the Dawes Plan by a vote of 247 to 183.
• Belva Gaertner was acquitted of murder in Chicago; her story partially inspired the play Chicago.
• Cyril Walker of England won the U.S. Open golf tournament by three strokes over Bobby Jones of the U.S., at Oakland Hills Country Club in the Detroit suburb of Birmingham, Michigan.

  June 7, 1924 (Saturday)

• The Canada men's national soccer team played its first international match, a 3 to 2 loss to the Australian national team in Brisbane, Queensland on June 7, 1924.
• The United States enacted the Clarke–McNary Act, facilitating the purchase of land to expand the National Forest System. On the same day, U.S. President Coolidge signed the Anti-Heroin Act of 1924 and the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 into law.
• Born:
• *Dolores Gray, American stage actress and singer, winner of a Tony Award for Carnival in Flanders; in Los Angeles
• *William Close, American surgeon who played a major role in stemming a 1976 outbreak of the Ebola virus in Zaire; in Greenwich, Connecticut
• *Ed Farhat, U.S. professional wrestler known as "The Sheik"; in Lansing, Michigan
• *Bob Tizard, Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand, 1974 to 1975; in Auckland

  June 8, 1924 (Sunday)

• British mountain climbers George Mallory and Andrew "Sandy" Irvine, seeking to become the first persons to climb to the top of the world's highest mountain, Mount Everest, were last seen alive as Noel Odell watched the two men ascend from a base camp. For almost 75 years, no trace of either climber would be found until the discovery of Mallory's body on May 1, 1999, at an altitude of.
• Frédéric François-Marsal formed a cabinet as the new Prime Minister of France but would serve for only seven days before his government collapsed.
• The American team of aviators who were attempting to become the first people to fly around the world reached Hong Kong. The team would arrive in Saigon on June 16, followed by Bangkok and Rangoon, and Calcutta by June 26.
• Born: Kenneth Waltz, American political scientist, author of Theory of International Politics; in Ann Arbor, Michigan

  June 9, 1924 (Monday)

• The two unbeaten teams of the Olympic soccer football championship, Uruguay and Switzerland played before 40,522 fans at the Olympic Stadium in Colombes. Uruguay won, 3 to 0 for the championship and the gold medal.
• Ecuador became the first nation in South America to extend the right to vote to women, after the lobbying of Dr. Matilde Hidalgo, as the Council of State of Ecuador ruled that Ecuadorian women enjoyed the right to elect and be elected
• 1. F.C. Nuremberg beat Hamburger SV, 2 to 0, to win the German football championship.
• Born:
• *John Scott, New Zealand architect; in Haumoana
• *Dwaram Bhavanarayana Rao, Indian violinist; in Bapatla,
• Died:
• *Frederick Burlingham, 47, American world traveler and film documentary producer known for his series of silent film travelogues, died of a heart attack at his home.
• *Peter Clark MacFarlane, 53, American novelist, committed suicide by a gunshot wound to the head.

  June 10, 1924 (Tuesday)

• Giacomo Matteotti, a socialist member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies and one of Benito Mussolini's most outspoken critics, was kidnapped in broad daylight. On May 30, he had spoken out against Prime Minister Mussolini and the Fascist movement in general. His fate would be a mystery until his body was found in August, with signs that he had been beaten to death. Six men were arrested for the crime, including Amerigo Dumini, who would confess a week later. Mussolini said he would order summary justice if any of the kidnappers were identified.
• The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922, making Iraq a self-governing British protectorate, was ratified by the Iraqi Constituent Assembly by a vote of 36 to 25, with the United Kingdom having control of Iraq's foreign affairs and Iraq handling its own domestic affairs.
• The June Revolution was completed in Albania when anti-government forces took the Albanian capital, Tirana.
• The Republican National Convention opened in Cleveland, Ohio.
• Died: General Salvador Alvarado, 43, former Mexican Treasury Secretary and Governor of Yucatán, later an anti-government rebel, was killed by agents of Mexico's President Obregon.