Jigme Singye Wangchuck
Jigme Singye Wangchuck is a member of the Wangchuck dynasty who reigned as King of Bhutan from 1972 until his abdication in 2006. He is the father of the present King of Bhutan Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck. He is the only son of five children born to the Third King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck and Queen Mother Ashi Kesang Choden.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck studied at St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling, in India. In January 1965, he attended Summerfields School in St. Leonards, Sussex, England, and then Heatherdown School in 1966 where he completed his studies in 1969. After completion of his studies in 1970, he was appointed as the chairman of the National Planning Commission in the year 1971 by the Third King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. At the age of 16, he was appointed as the Trongsa Penlop and bestowed with saffron scarf. On July 21, 1972, the Third King of Bhutan died, and at the age of 16, Crown Prince Jigme Singye Wangchuck, ascended the throne, becoming the world's youngest monarch at the time. Just three days after his father's death, the Crown Prince assumed leadership of the government and the nation. His coronation ceremony was later held on June 2, 1974, in Thimphu.
During his reign, Bhutan transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a democratic constitutional monarchy. This progress towards a democratic constitutional monarchy started with decentralization of power to people on the grass root level. He initiated Dzongkhag Yargye Tshogdu in 1981 and the Gewog Yargye Tshogchung in 1991 in order to ensure people's participation and local governance. In 2001, a Constitution Drafting Committee was established under royal decree. The King personally presented the Constitution of Bhutan to citizens across all 20 Dzongkhags, with every word considered meaningful and sanctified by the people. It was introduced as "the People's Constitution," symbolizing its alignment with the aspirations of the Bhutanese people. The Constitution of Bhutan was enacted July 18, 2008 by the Royal Government.
He introduced the Gross National Happiness philosophy in the early 1970s, emphasizing holistic development over purely economic growth. In 2003, he personally led Operation All Clear, a military campaign to expel insurgent groups from southern Bhutan, marking a unique instance of a head of state leading troops into action. After 34 years of rule, he voluntarily abdicated in 2006 at 51 years old, overseeing a peaceful transition to democracy through a transparent constitutional process.
Throughout his reign, Jigme Singye Wangchuck implemented various socio-economic policies to enhance the quality of life in Bhutan. He emphasized the need to develop industry, agriculture, hydroelectricity, and infrastructural projects while prioritizing environmental and cultural preservation. The success of these policies can be seen in indicators such as increased access to education and healthcare, improvements in infrastructure, and the promotion of Bhutan's unique cultural heritage. He was also responsible for the development of new policies in the environment and improved access to education and healthcare.
Early life
Jigme Singye Wangchuck was born in Dechencholing Palace in Thimphu, Bhutan, on 11 November 1955 to Jigme Dorji Wangchuck and Ashi Kesang Choden Wangchuck. The political officer of India stationed in Sikkim, along with a representative of the Sikkimese government came to offer felicitations to the royal parents. At the age of four, sometime in 1959, the young Crown Prince made his first public appearance in Tashichho Dzong.Education
Jigme Singye Wangchuck began his education when he was six years old, in 1961, receiving a blend of both Buddhist and secular curricula at Dechencholing Palace. His formal education started with traditional teaching and was followed by the study of English and modern subjects, taught by trained teachers at the palace. The school at Dechencholing began with 45 students. Soon afterward, he went to study at St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling, in India. In January 1965, he attended Summerfields School in St. Leonards, Sussex, England, and then Heatherdown School in 1966 where he completed his studies in 1969. The next phase of his formal education took place at Namselling Palace in 1969. Finally, he attended Ugyen Wangchuck Academy at Satsham Choten in Paro, which was established in 1970, along with a class of selected students from all over Bhutan.Crown Prince
In 1971, the third King of Bhutan appointed Wangchuck as the chairman of the National Planning Commission, charged with the planning and coordination of the five-year development plan. The following year, on 16 June 1972, he was made the Trongsa Penlop, a role that including him receiving the saffron scarf or namza. During the 3rd Five-Year Plan, which spanned 1971–77, his father died. He was 16 at that time. 1972 to 1976 was the period of the 3rd FYP, and 1976 to 1981 was the period of the 4th FYP. As both King and the chairman of the National Planning Commission, the clearing house for the programs and projects, Wangchuck guided the planned activities first in broad terms and then increasingly in detail.Coronation
The coronation of Jigme Singye Wangchuck as the Fourth King of Bhutan was conducted in three distinct ceremonies, as in Bhutanese tradition. The inner coronation took place at Punakha Dzong in 1972 and involved religious rituals led by Je Khenpo , while the secret coronation in 1974 at Tashichhodzong took place at a moment considered auspicious in the traditional calendar and included Buddhist masters. The outer coronation on 2 June 1974 was a public event attended by international representatives. The Presidents of India and Bangladesh were the guests of honor. The Chogyal of Sikkim and the Prince of Nepal were among the attendees.Royal wedding
Jigme Singye Wangchuck married four sisters in a Dechog Lhakhang in Punakha Dzong on 31 October 1988, a date corresponding with the Buddhist holiday of Lhabab Duchen, or Descending Day of Buddha. The four queens, Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck, Tshering Pem Wangchuck, Tshering Yangdon Wangchuck and Sangay Choden Wangchuck are daughters of Dasho Yab Ugyen Dorji, the descendant of both the mind and speech incarnations of Ngawang Namgyal, and Yum Thuiji Zam. Previously, they had married privately in 1979.Socio-economic development
The socio-economic development of Bhutan under King Jigme Singye Wangchuck was characterized by significant advancements across various sectors, including Gross National Happiness as a guiding principle.1. Introduction of Gross National Happiness (GNH)
Jigme Singye Wangchuck believed that true progress for the Bhutanese people should be assessed through their happiness and overall quality of life. This belief is deeply rooted in Bhutan's ancient legal code from 1629, which stated that "if the government cannot create happiness for its people, then there is no purpose for the government to exist." This code, written by a Buddhist teacher, emphasized that laws must promote happiness for all sentient beings, a principle found in the Buddhist teachings.A 1986 royal decree instructed the Planning Commission to evaluate the nation's progress based on the happiness and comfort of its people under the auspices the 6th Five Year Plan. GNH is structured to include measurements of well-being rather than purely economic indicators. its four pillars are : 1. Sustainable and equitable socioeconomic development; 2. Conservation of the Environment; 3. Preservation and Promotion of Culture; and 4. Good Governance.
In 2008, Bhutan's Constitution enshrined GNH values in Article 9, which mandates the state to promote conditions conducive to pursuing happiness.
Today, GNH is defined as a "multidimensional development approach seeking to achieve a harmonious balance between material well-being and the spiritual, emotional, and cultural needs of society," emphasizing the need to balance physical and mental well-being.
2. Improvements in healthcare
1. Expansion of healthcare infrastructure- Increased facilities: The number of healthcare facilities grew substantially, from just 56 in 1974 to 715 by 2006. This included the establishment of hospitals and basic health units across the country.
- Accessibility: The expansion of the healthcare network provided increased access to medical services, especially in rural areas.
2. Improvement in health outcomes
- Life expectancy: Life expectancy increased from around 40 years in the early 1970s to 66 years by 2006.
- Infant and maternal mortality Rates: Infant mortality dropped significantly from 142 per 1,000 live births in 1985 to 60 in 2006. Maternal mortality also decreased from 7.7% to 2.6% during this period, associated with improved access to prenatal and postnatal care.
3. Universal health coverage
- Free primary health care: By the end of King Jigme Singye's reign, Bhutan achieved nearly universal coverage for primary healthcare services, with a focus on providing free medical care to all citizens.
4. Focus on preventive care
- Public health campaigns: The government launched vaccination programs that contributed to a significant reduction in communicable diseases.
- Access to clean water and nutrition: Efforts were made to improve access to safe drinking water and nutrition.
5. Human resource development
- Training programs: The establishment of institutions like the Royal Institute of Health Sciences in 1976 helped train healthcare professionals to address the shortage of qualified personnel.
- Increased workforce: By 2006, there was an increase in the number of health workers per capita compared to before 1976, enhancing service delivery.
3. Education expansion
Bhutan experienced substantial transformations during this period, with advancements in the education sector. This shift was part of broader initiatives focused on national development and enhancing public welfare.In 1974, when Jigme Singye Wangchuck ascended to the throne, only 14,000 pupils were enrolled in school. There were no degree-granting colleges at all. A cornerstone of Jigme Singye Wangchuck's educational policy was to significantly expand access to learning opportunities across the kingdom. The following steps were taken:
Schools were constructed in isolated regions. Overall, the number of educational institutions expanded from 97 in 1974 to 322 in 1998.
Bhutan currently has 243 primary and community schools, 44 junior high schools, 18 high schools and a range of other institutions that provide secondary and tertiary education; technical, managerial and vocational training.
Prioritizing quality and relevance: Jigme Singye Wangchuck further promoted efforts to improve the quality and relevance of education. He did so in the following ways:
Establishing teacher training institutions: The Royal Bhutan Polytechnic and the National Institute of Education were key training centers. It included 2 technical schools, 1 rigney school, 1 fine arts center, 1 school of Buddhist studies, and a teacher training institute".
Curriculum reform: Schools included lessons that taught about the different populations and regions of the country.
Student overseas opportunities: Thousands of government issued scholarships were provided to Bhutanese for study abroad to benefit their training or pursue education.