Raising of Jairus' daughter

The raising of Jairus' daughter is a reported miracle of Jesus that occurs in the synoptic Gospels, where it is interwoven with the account of the healing of a bleeding woman. The narratives can be found in Mark 5:21–43, Matthew 9:18–26 and Luke 8:40–56.

Summary

Scholars have long recognised the Lukan and Matthean accounts of the story derive from the Markan account and are a typical example of a Synoptic triple tradition. The story has no equivalent in the Gospel of John. Although some have drawn comparisons with the healing the royal official's son and with the raising of Lazarus narratives, Zwiep states that "they are entirely different and unrelated stories, according to most biblical scholars to date".

Premise

The differences between the three Gospel narratives are well known amongst scholars. The premise of the story in Mark and Luke is that a ruler of a Galilean synagogue called Jairus wants Jesus to "heal/save" his 12-year-old daughter who is "dying" or "holding at the end". In Matthew, the synagogue ruler is unnamed, the girl's age is not mentioned, she has already "just died", and the father's request is that Jesus lay his hand upon her "and she will live ". In other words, in Matthew he requests Jesus to reverse her death rather than prevent it, in contrast to the accounts of Mark and Luke.

Setting

The timing and setting differs somewhat between the Gospels. In Mark and Luke, the story immediately follows the exorcism at Gerasa; Jairus comes up to Jesus as soon as he disembarks from his boat. In Matthew chapter 9, it is first preceded by three other events. There, Jesus is at Matthew the Apostle's house associating with tax collectors and sinners, while debating with Pharisees and disciples of John the Baptist, when the synagogue ruler arrives.
Mark and Luke report a large crowd following Jesus around and pressing against him as he follows Jairus to his house. Matthew makes no such mention; it is only Jesus and his disciples following the synagogue ruler.

The bleeding woman

The narrative about Jairus' daughter is interrupted by the appearance of a woman who had a haemorrhage for 12 years. Mark and Luke inform the reader that all this time nobody could heal her, with Mark dramatically adding 'she had spent all she had on physicians to no avail'. When she touched Jesus' cloak, her bleeding stopped immediately - according to Mark and Luke. In Matthew, she was not healed until after Jesus had told her: "Take courage, daughter, your faith healed you." Matthew's story of the bleeding woman also concludes there.
In Mark and Luke, the woman's act of touching his cloak appears to disturb Jesus, who seems agitated or even angry, as he feels or says that "power had gone out of him/me". Jesus asks around the crowd: "Who touched me/my clothes?" Luke claims that all those in the crowd denied they did it, and has Peter say that crowds are pressing against Jesus. Unsatisfied, Jesus keeps inspecting the crowd until the now-healed woman, trembling in fear, falls at Jesus' feet and admits that it was her. Jesus answers: "Daughter, your faith has healed you. Go in peace ", concluding the Markan and Lukan bleeding woman accounts.

Daughter reported dead

In Mark's and Luke's narrative, " come" or "someone comes" with the news that Jairus' daughter had died, and Jairus is advised not to trouble Jesus any further. However, Jesus responds: "Don’t be afraid; just believe", with Luke extending the quote with "and she will be healed/saved". When arriving at Jairus' house, Jesus does not let anyone follow him inside "except Peter, James and John, the brother of James", with Luke adding "and the father of the child and the mother", later also added by Mark.
In Matthew's account, the daughter was already dead from the start, so this event does not happen. Moreover, Matthew's Jesus "allows no bystanders to witness Jesus performing the resurrection miracle ".

Jesus raises the daughter

At Jairus' house, Mark and Luke report that Jesus "saw a commotion, with people crying and wailing loudly" ; according to Matthew, he "saw the noisy crowd and people playing pipes". He informed all those present that the girl was not dead but asleep; in Matthew, Jesus even tells the crowd "Go away". But the crowd laughs at Jesus. Mark says Jesus put the crowd outside; Matthew confirms this happens without mentioning who does it; Luke doesn't report it, but instead emphasises that the crowd "knew she had died".
Jesus then went back inside. He took the girl by the hand, and she got up. In Mark's account, the Aramaic phrase Talitha koum is attributed to Jesus. Luke's Jesus says "My child, get up!"; Matthew's Jesus is silent. The accounts in Mark and Luke end with Jesus' commands that the girl should be fed and that Jairus and his wife should tell no-one what had happened. On the other hand, Matthew concludes the narrative by saying: "News of this spread through all that region."

Narrative comparison

The following comparison table is primarily based on the New International Version English translation of the New Testament.

	Matthew	Mark	Luke
Jairus asks for help	Matthew 9:18–19 At Matthew's house , a synagogue leader told Jesus: 'My daughter has just died. But come and place your hand on her, and she will live.' Jesus and his disciples followed him.	Mark 5:21–24 Jesus crossed the Sea of Galilee back, meeting a crowd. Synagogue leader Jairus fell at Jesus' feet and pleaded: 'My little daughter is dying. Please place your hands on her, so that she will be healed and live.' Jesus and a large crowd followed him and pressed around him.	Luke 8:40–42 Jesus returned to Galilee, meeting a crowd. Synagogue leader Jairus fell at Jesus' feet and pleaded with him to come to his house because his only daughter, was dying. Jesus followed him, was almost crushed by crowds.
The bleeding woman	Matthew 9:20–22 A woman who had been bleeding for 12 years touched Jesus' cloak, hoping to be healed. Jesus saw her and said: 'Take courage, daughter, your faith has healed you.' And from that moment the woman was healed.	Mark 5:25–34 A woman who had been bleeding for 12 years, and spent all she had on physicians to no avail, heard about Jesus and touched his cloak, hoping to be healed. Her bleeding stopped immediately and she felt it. Jesus felt power had gone out of him and asked: 'Who touched my clothes?' Disciples: 'You see people crowding against you, so why ask?' Jesus kept looking around to see who did it. The woman fell at his feet and, trembling in fear, told the truth. Jesus: 'Daughter, your faith has healed you. Go in peace and be freed from your suffering.'	Luke 8:43–48 A woman who had been bleeding for 12 years, whom nobody could heal, touched Jesus' cloak. Her bleeding stopped immediately. Jesus: 'Who touched me?' All denied. Peter: 'People crowding and pressing against you.' Jesus: 'Someone touched me, I know power has gone out of me.' Seeing she would be noticed, the woman trembled in fear, fell at his feet, told why she touched him and that she was immediately healed. Jesus: 'Daughter, your faith has healed you. Go in peace.'
Daughter reported dead		Mark 5:35–37 People came from Jairus' house, telling him: 'Your daughter is dead, why bother the teacher anymore?' Jesus heard them and said: 'Don't be afraid, just believe.' Jesus didn't let anyone follow him except Peter, James and John, the brother of James.	Luke 8:49–50 Someone came from Jairus' house, telling him: 'Your daughter is dead. Don't bother the teacher anymore.' Jesus heard him and told Jairus: 'Don't be afraid; just believe, and she will be healed.' Having entered Jairus' house, Jesus didn't let anyone go in with him except Peter, James, John and the parents.
Jesus raises daughter	Matthew 9:23–26 Jesus entered synagogue leader's house and saw a noisy, flute-playing crowd. Jesus: 'Go away. The girl is not dead, but asleep.' The crowd laughed at Jesus. They were put outside. Jesus went in, took the girl by the hand, and she got up. News spread throughout that region.	Mark 5:38–43 Jesus entered synagogue leader's house and saw a crying and wailing crowd. Jesus: 'Why all this commotion and wailing? The child is not dead but asleep.' The crowd laughed at Jesus. He put them outside. Jesus took the parents and his 3 disciples in, took the child by the hand and said: 'Talitha koum! ' The girl stood up and walked around. Jesus strictly ordered people not to tell anyone about this and to give her something to eat.	Luke 8:51–56 All people were wailing and mourning her. Jesus: 'Stop wailing. She is not dead but asleep.' The people laughed at Jesus, knowing she was dead. Jesus took the girl by the hand and said: 'My child, get up!' Her spirit returned and she stood up. Jesus told them to give her something to eat. The parents were astonished, but Jesus ordered them not to tell anyone what happened.

Interpretations

Significance of 12 years

The combined stories have been used as an example of intercalation, where one incident is inserted within another, linked in this case by the connection between the 12-year ailment and the 12-year-old girl. Twelve years also represents the age at which girls come of age in Judaism, and so it appears that Mark and Luke mention the girl's age to emphasise the tragedy of her dying before her father could marry her off, receive a dowry, and expect grandchildren to continue his lineage. Mary Ann Getty-Sullivan : "Thus the father may have faced financial loss as well as social disgrace, in addition to the personal sorrow of his daughter's illness and death."