Balinese language

Balinese is an Austronesian language spoken primarily by the Balinese people on the Indonesian island of Bali, as well as Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, and Eastern Java, and also spread to Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi due to the transmigration program. Most Balinese speakers also use Indonesian. The 2000 national census recorded 3.3 million people speakers of Balinese with only 1 million people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives according to the Bali Cultural Agency estimated in 2011.
The higher [|registers] of the language borrow extensively from Javanese: an old form of classical Javanese, Kawi, is used in Bali as a religious and ceremonial language, while most of Balinese speakers use the low [|register] known as Kapara Balinese as their everyday language. Most speakers of Balinese also speak Indonesian for official and commercial purposes as well as a means to communicate with non-Balinese-speaking Indonesians.
The 2000 national census recorded 3.3 million people speakers of Balinese, however the Bali Cultural Agency estimated in 2011 that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives is under 1 million. The language has been classified as "not endangered" by Glottolog.

Classification

Balinese is an Austronesian language belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, it is part of the Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa subgroup. Internally, Balinese has three distinct varieties; Highland Bali, Lowland Bali, and Nusa Penida Balinese.

Demographics

According to the 2000 census, the Balinese language is spoken by 3.3 million people in Indonesia, mainly concentrated on the island of Bali and the surrounding areas.
In 2011, the Bali Cultural Agency estimated that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on Bali Island does not exceed 1 million, as in urban areas their parents only introduce the Indonesian language or even English as a foreign language, while daily conversations in the institutions and the mass media have disappeared. The written form of the Balinese language is increasingly unfamiliar and most Balinese people use the Balinese language only as a means of oral communication, often mixing it with Indonesian in their daily speech. However, in the transmigration areas outside Bali Island, the Balinese language is extensively used and believed to play an important role in the survival of the language.

Phonology

Vowels

The official spelling denotes both and final by. However, is usually pronounced when it ends a word, and occurs also in prefixes ma-, pa- and da-. In non-final positions, is denoted by ⟨e⟩.

Consonants

Depending on dialect, the phoneme is realized as a voiceless alveolar or retroflex stop. This is in contrast with most other languages in western Indonesia, which have a dental patterning with an otherwise alveolar phoneme series.

Stress

Stress falls on the last syllable.

Vocabulary

Registers

Even though most basic vocabulary in Balinese and Indonesian originates from Austronesian and Sanskrit, many cognates sound quite different between languages. Balinese has four different registers: low, middle, and high, the uses of which depend on the relationship and status of those speaking and those being spoken about, and most of Balinese speakers use the low register also known as Kapara Balinese or Common Balinese language. High Balinese is not commonly used except to speak to pedandas, so few are fluent in it. The common mutations in inherited Balinese words are:

r > h / #_, r > h / V_V, and r > h / _#. That is, r mutates into h at the beginning of every word, the end of every word, and between any two vowels.
h > ø / !_#. The phoneme h is lost everywhere except at the ends of words.

However, these mutations are not expressed in High Balinese, indicating that High Balinese contains many loanwords from Sanskrit and Javanese. These loanwords are identical in sound to their modern Javanese cognates, but reflect fifteenth-century usages from Old Javanese.
In the standard Balinese the final orthographic -a is a schwa .

English	Low Balinese	High Balinese	Indonesian	Old Javanese	Javanese
this			ini		iki, punika
that			itu		iku, kuwi, , menika
here			di sini		kéné, mriki, ngriki
there			di sana, di situ		kana, mriku, ngriku, mrika, ngrika
what			apa		apa punapa, menapa
human	,		manusia		uwong, manungsa tiyang, jalma
hair			rambut	rambut	rambut, rikma
fire			api		geni
child		,	anak		anak putra, siwi
life			hidup		urip, gesang
to drink			minum		ngombé, ngunjuk
big			besar, gede	gĕḍe	gedhé, ageng
new			baru	añar	anyar, énggal
day			hari		dina '', dinten
sun			matahari		sréngéngé, surya
lake			danau	ranu	tlaga, ranu
egg			telur	ĕṇḍog	endhog, tigan
friend			teman	kañca, mitra, sakhā	kanca, kenalan, mitra
to sightsee			tamasya
name			nama	aran,	aran, jeneng, wasta, asma
to be, to become			menjadi		dadi, dados
to stay			tinggal		manggon, manggén
from			dari		saka, saking
right	beneh	patut	benar		bener, leres
where	kija	ring kija	kemana		menyang endi dhateng pundi
home	umah, homah	jero, griya	rumah		omah griya, dalem
done	suba	sampun	sudah		wis, sampun
all	onya	sami, makasami	semua		kabéh, sedaya
with	ajak	sareng	dengan		karo, kaliyan
hat, cap	topong, capil	topong	topi		topi, caping
island	pulo	nusa	pulau		pulo
to invite	ngajak	ngiring	mengajak		ngajak''

Numerals

Balinese has a decimal numeral system, but this is complicated by numerous words for intermediate quantities such as 45, 175, and 1600.

Basic numerals

The numerals 1–10 have basic, combining, and independent forms, many of which are formed through reduplication. The combining forms are used to form higher numbers. In some cases there is more than one word for a numeral, reflecting the Balinese register system; halus forms are listed in italics.
In the standard Balinese the final orthographic -a is a schwa .

Numeral	Basic	Combining	Independent
1	besik	a-, sa-*	abesik, aukud
1	siki	a-, sa-*	abesik, aukud
2	dua	duang-	dadua
2	kalih	kalih-	kakalih
3	telu	telung-	tetelu
3	tiga	tigang-	tetiga
4	pat	petang-	papat
5	lima	limang-	lelima
6	nem	nem-	nenem
7	pitu	pitung-	pepitu
8	kutus	kutus-, ulung-	akutus
9	sia	sia-, sangang-	asia
10	dasa	dasa-	adasa

Teens, tweens, and tens

Like English, Balinese has compound forms for the teens and tens; however, it also has a series of compound 'tweens', 21–29. The teens are based on a root *-welas, the tweens on -likur, and the tens are formed by the combining forms above. Hyphens are not used in the orthography, but have been added to the table below to clarify their derivation.

Unit	Teens	Tweens	Tens
1	solas 11	se-likur 21
2	rolas 12	dua-likur 22	duang-dasa 20
2	rolas 12	kalih-likur	kalih-dasa
3	telu-las 13	telu-likur 23	telung-dasa 30
3	telu-las 13	tigang-likur	tigang-dasa
4	pat-belas 14	pat-likur 24	petang-dasa 40
5	lim-olas 15	salaé 25	seket 50
6	nem-belas 16	nem-likur 26	nem-dasa 60
7	pitu-las 17	pitu-likur 27	pitung-dasa 70
8	pelekutus 18	ulu-likur 28	kutus-dasa, ulung-dasa 80
9	siang-olas 19	sanga-likur 29	sia-dasa, sangang-dasa 90

The high-register combining forms kalih- 2 and tigang- 3 are used with -likur, -dasa, and higher numerals, but not for the teens.
The teens are from Javanese, where the -olas forms are regular, apart from pele-kutus 18, which is suppletive. Sa-laé 25, and se-ket 50 are also suppletive, and cognate with Javanese səlawé 25 and səkət 50.
There are additional numerals pasasur ~ sasur 35 and se-timahan ~ se-timan 45, and a compound telung-benang for 75.
* A less productive combining form of a- 1 is sa-, as can be seen in many of the numbers below. It, ulung-, and sangang- are from Javanese. Tiga 3 is from Sanskrit trika. Dasa 10 is from Sanskrit daśa.