57th United States Congress
The 57th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from March 4, 1901, to March 4, 1903, during the final six months of William McKinley's presidency, and the first year and a half of the first administration of his successor, Theodore Roosevelt. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1890 United States census. Both chambers had a Republican majority.
Major events
- September 6, 1901: Leon Czolgosz shot President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York
- September 14, 1901: President William McKinley died. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States
- October 16, 1901: President Roosevelt invited African American leader Booker T. Washington to the White House. The American South reacted angrily to the visit, and racial violence increased in the region.
- December 3, 1901: President Roosevelt delivered a 20,000-word speech to the House of Representatives, asking Congress to curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits."
- February 22, 1902: Senators Benjamin Tillman and John L. McLaurin, both of South Carolina, have a fist fight while Congress is in session. Both Tillman and McLaurin were later censured by the Senate on February 28.
- June 2, 1902: The Anthracite Coal Strike by the United Mine Workers began, continuing until October 21, 1902.
- July 4, 1902: The Philippine–American War ended.
Major legislation
- June 17, 1902: Newlands Reclamation Act
- June 28, 1902: Isthmian Canal Act, Sess. 1, ch. 1302,
- January 21, 1903: Militia Act of 1903,
- February 11, 1903: Expediting Act, Sess. 2, ch. 544,
- February 19, 1903: Elkins Act
- March 3, 1903: Immigration Act of 1903, including §39, the Anarchist Exclusion Act
Party summary
Senate
- Note: Fred T. Dubois was elected as a Silver Republican, but changed parties to Democratic after this Congress began.
House of Representatives
Leadership
Senate leadership
Presiding
- President of [the United States Senate|President]: Theodore Roosevelt, until September 14, 1901; vacant thereafter.
- President pro tempore: William P. Frye
- Democratic Caucus Chairman: James K. Jones
- Republican Conference Chairman: William B. Allison
House leadership
Presiding
- Speaker of the [United States House of Representatives|Speaker]: David B. Henderson
- Democratic Caucus Chairman: James Hay
- Republican Conference Chairman: Joseph G. Cannon
- Republican Congressional Committee|Republican Campaign Committee Chairman]: Joseph W. Babcock
Majority (Republican) leadership
- Majority Leader: Sereno E. Payne
- Majority Whip: James A. Tawney
Minority (Democratic) leadership
- Minority Leader: James D. Richardson
- Minority Whip: James T. Lloyd
Members
Senate
At this time, senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. The Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election, precede the names in the list below. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1904; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1906; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1902.Alabama">List of United States senators from Alabama">Alabama
Arkansas">List of United States senators from Arkansas">Arkansas
California">List of United States senators from California">California
Colorado">List of United States senators from Colorado">Colorado
Connecticut">List of United States senators from Connecticut">Connecticut
Delaware">List of United States senators from Delaware">Delaware
Florida">List of United States senators from Florida">Florida
Georgia">List of United States senators from Georgia">Georgia
Idaho">List of United States senators from Idaho">Idaho
Illinois">List of United States senators from Illinois">Illinois
Indiana">List of United States senators from Indiana">Indiana
Iowa">List of United States senators from Iowa">Iowa
Kansas">List of United States senators from Kansas">Kansas
Kentucky">List of United States senators from Kentucky">Kentucky
Louisiana">List of United States senators from Louisiana">Louisiana
Maine">List of United States senators from Maine">Maine
Maryland">List of United States senators from Maryland">Maryland
Massachusetts">List of United States senators from Massachusetts">Massachusetts
Michigan">List of United States senators from Michigan">Michigan
Minnesota">List of United States senators from Minnesota">Minnesota
Mississippi">List of United States senators from Mississippi">Mississippi
Missouri">List of United States senators from Missouri">Missouri
Montana">List of United States senators from Montana">Montana
Nebraska">List of United States senators from Nebraska">Nebraska
Nevada">List of United States senators from Nevada">Nevada
New Hampshire">List of United States senators from New Hampshire">New Hampshire
New Jersey">List of United States senators from New Jersey">New Jersey
New York">List of United States senators from New York">New York
North Carolina">List of United States senators from North Carolina">North Carolina
North Dakota">List of United States senators from North Dakota">North Dakota
Ohio">List of United States senators from Ohio">Ohio
Oregon">List of United States senators from Oregon">Oregon
Pennsylvania">List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania
Rhode Island">List of United States senators from Rhode Island">Rhode Island
South Carolina">List of United States senators from South Carolina">South Carolina
South Dakota">List of United States senators from South Dakota">South Dakota
Tennessee">List of United States senators from Tennessee">Tennessee
Texas">List of United States senators from Texas">Texas
Utah">List of United States senators from Utah">Utah
Vermont">List of United States senators from Vermont">Vermont
Virginia">List of United States senators from Virginia">Virginia
Washington">List of United States senators from Washington">Washington
West Virginia">List of United States senators from West Virginia">West Virginia
Wisconsin">List of United States senators from Wisconsin">Wisconsin
Wyoming">List of United States senators from Wyoming">Wyoming
[File:57th United States Congress Senators.svg|thumb|375px|Senators' party membership by state at the opening of the 57th Congress in March 1901. The green stripes represent Populists, while the gray stripes represent Silver Republicans.]
House of Representatives
[List of [United States representatives from Alabama|Alabama]]
Arkansas">List of United States representatives from Arkansas">Arkansas
California">List of United States representatives from California">California
Colorado">List of United States representatives from Colorado">Colorado
Connecticut">List of United States representatives from Connecticut">Connecticut
Delaware">List of United States representatives from Delaware">Delaware
Florida">List of United States representatives from Florida">Florida
Georgia">List of United States representatives from Georgia">Georgia
Idaho">List of United States representatives from Idaho">Idaho
Illinois">List of United States representatives from Illinois">Illinois
Indiana">List of United States representatives from Indiana">Indiana
Iowa">List of United States representatives from Iowa">Iowa
Kansas">List of United States representatives from Kansas">Kansas
Kentucky">List of United States representatives from Kentucky">Kentucky
Louisiana">List of United States representatives from Louisiana">Louisiana
Maine">List of United States representatives from Maine">Maine
Maryland">List of United States representatives from Maryland">Maryland
Massachusetts">List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Massachusetts
Michigan">List of United States representatives from Michigan">Michigan
Minnesota">List of United States representatives from Minnesota">Minnesota
Mississippi">List of United States representatives from Mississippi">Mississippi
Missouri">List of United States representatives from Missouri">Missouri
Montana">List of United States representatives from Montana">Montana
Nebraska">List of United States representatives from Nebraska">Nebraska
Nevada">List of United States representatives from Nevada">Nevada
New Hampshire">List of United States representatives from New Hampshire">New Hampshire
New Jersey">List of United States representatives from New Jersey">New Jersey
New York">List of United States representatives from New York">New York
North Carolina">List of United States representatives from North Carolina">North Carolina
North Dakota">List of United States representatives from North Dakota">North Dakota
Ohio">List of United States representatives from Ohio">Ohio
Oregon">List of United States representatives from Oregon">Oregon
Pennsylvania">List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania
Rhode Island">List of United States representatives from Rhode Island">Rhode Island
South Carolina">List of United States representatives from South Carolina">South Carolina
South Dakota">List of United States representatives from South Dakota">South Dakota
Tennessee">List of United States representatives from Tennessee">Tennessee
Texas">List of United States representatives from Texas">Texas
Utah">List of United States representatives from Utah">Utah
Vermont">List of United States representatives from Vermont">Vermont
Virginia">List of United States representatives from Virginia">Virginia
Washington">List of United States representatives from Washington">Washington
West Virginia">List of United States representatives from West Virginia">West Virginia
Wisconsin">List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">Wisconsin
Wyoming">List of United States representatives from Wyoming">Wyoming
Non-voting members
Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.Senate
Note:Delaware's Class 1 Senate seat remained vacant for entire Congress due to the legislature's failure to elect.- Replacements: 4
- * Democratic: 1 seat gain
- * Republican: 3 seat gain
- * Populist: 1 seat loss
- Deaths: 3
- Resignations: 0
- Vacancy: 1
- Total seats with changes: 6
| State | Vacated by | Reason for vacancy | Subsequent | Date of successor's installation |
| Montana | Vacant | Senator William A. Clark vacated his seat during previous congress. Successor was Montana, 1901|elected] March 7, 1901. | Paris Gibson | March 7, 1901 |
| Delaware | Vacant | Seat remained vacant as Legislature failed to elect to fill vacancy in term. Senator was Delaware, 1903|elected] March 2, 1903 for the term ending March 4, 1905. | L. Heisler Ball | March 2, 1903 |
| Delaware | Vacant | Legislature failed to elect to fill vacancy in term. Senator was elected March 2, 1903 for the term ending March 4, 1907. | J. Frank Allee | March 2, 1903 |
| Nebraska | Vacant | Legislature failed to elect to fill vacancy in term. Successor was Nebraska, 1901|elected] March 28, 1901. | Joseph Millard | March 28, 1901 |
| Nebraska | William V. Allen | Interim appointee did not run to finish the term. Successor was elected March 28, 1901. Successor delayed taking seat until December 2, 1901, after resigning as Governor of Nebraska on May 1, 1901, but his service began on the date of his election, March 28, 1901. | Charles H. Dietrich | December 2, 1901 |
| South Dakota | James H. Kyle | Died July 1, 1901. Successor was appointed July 11, 1901, to continue the term and subsequently South Dakota, 1903|elected] January 20, 1903, to finish the term. | Alfred B. Kittredge | July 11, 1901 |
| New Jersey | William J. Sewell | Died December 27, 1901. Successor was elected. | John F. Dryden | January 29, 1902 |
| Michigan | James McMillan | Died August 10, 1902. Successor was appointed September 27, 1902, to continue the term and subsequently Michigan, 1902|elected] December 7, 1902, to finish the term.. | Russell A. Alger | September 27, 1902 |
House of Representatives
- Replacements: 17
- * Democratic: 3 seat loss
- * Republican: 3 seat gain
- Deaths: 14
- Resignations: 5
- Contested elections: 2
- Total seats with changes: 24
Committees
Senate
- Library of Congress|Additional Accommodations for the Library of Congress]
- Agriculture and Forestry
- Appropriations
- United States Senate [Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate|Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate]
- Canadian Relations
- Census
- Civil Service and Retrenchment
- Claims
- Coast and Insular Survey
- Coast Defenses
- Commerce
- Corporations Organized in the District of Columbia
- Cuban Relations
- Distributing Public Revenue Among the States
- District of Columbia
- United States Senate [Committee on Education and Labor|Education and Labor]
- Engrossed Bills
- Enrolled Bills
- Establish a University in the United States
- Examination and Disposition of Documents
- Examine the Several Branches in the Civil Service
- Expenditures in Executive Departments
- Finance
- Fisheries
- United States Senate Select Committee on [Five Civilized Tribes of Indians|Five Civilized Tribes of Indians]
- Foreign Relations
- Forest Reservations and the Protection of Game
- Geological Survey
- Immigration
- Indian Affairs
- Indian Depredations
- Industrial Expositions
- Investigate the Condition of the Potomac River Front at Washington
- Indian Territory
- Interoceanic Canals
- Interstate Commerce
- Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands
- Judiciary
- Library
- Manufactures
- Military Affairs
- Mines and Mining
- Mississippi River and its Tributaries
- National Banks
- Naval Affairs
- Organization, Conduct and Expenditures of the Executive Departments
- Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico
- Pacific Railroads
- Patents
- Pensions
- Philippines
- Post Office and Post Roads
- Potomac River Front
- Printing
- Private Land Claims
- Privileges and Elections
- Public Buildings and Grounds
- Public Health and National Quarantine
- Public Lands
- Railroads
- Revision of the Laws
- Revolutionary Claims
- Rules
- Standards, Weights and Measures
- Tariff Regulation
- Territories
- Transportation and Sale of Meat Products
- Transportation Routes to the Seaboard
- Trespassers upon Indian Lands
- Ventilation and Acoustics
- Whole
- Woman Suffrage
House of Representatives
- Accounts
- Agriculture
- Alcoholic Liquor Traffic
- Appropriations
- Banking and Currency
- Census
- Claims
- Coinage, Weights and Measures
- Disposition of Executive Papers
- District of Columbia
- Education
- Election of the President, Vice President and Representatives in Congress
- Elections No.#1
- Elections No.#2
- Elections No.#3
- Enrolled Bills
- Agriculture Department|Expenditures in the Agriculture Department]
- Commerce Department|Expenditures in the Commerce and Labor Departments]
- Expenditures in the Interior Department
- Expenditures in the Justice Department
- Expenditures in the Navy Department
- Expenditures in the Post Office Department
- Expenditures in the State Department
- Expenditures in the Treasury Department
- Expenditures in the War Department
- Expenditures on Public Buildings
- Foreign Affairs
- Immigration and Naturalization|Immigration and Naturalization]
- Indian Affairs
- Industrial Arts and Expositions
- Insular Affairs
- Interstate and Foreign Commerce
- Invalid Pensions
- Irrigation of Arid Lands
- Judiciary
- Labor
- Levees and Improvements of the Mississippi River
- Library
- Manufactures
- Merchant Marine and Fisheries
- Mileage
- Military Affairs
- Militia
- Mines and Mining
- Naval Affairs
- Pacific Railroads
- Patents
- Pensions
- Post Office and Post Roads
- Printing
- Private Land Claims
- Public Buildings and Grounds
- Public Lands
- Railways and Canals
- Reform in the Civil Service
- Revision of Laws
- Rivers and Harbors
- Rules
- Standards of Official Conduct
- Territories
- Ventilation and Acoustics
- War Claims
- Ways and Means
- Whole (United States House of Representatives)|Whole]
Joint committees
- Conditions of Indian Tribes
- Disposition of (Useless) Executive Papers
- The Library
- Printing
Caucuses
- Democratic
- Democratic
Employees
Legislative branch agency">List of federal agencies in the United States#United States Congress">Legislative branch agency directors
- Architect of the Capitol: Edward Clark, died January 6, 1902.
- *Elliott Woods, appointed February 19, 1902.
- Librarian of Congress: Herbert Putnam
- Public Printer of the United States: Francis W. Palmer
Senate
- Secretary: Charles G. Bennett
- Sergeant at Arms: Daniel M. Ransdell
- Librarian: Cliff Warden
- Chaplain: William H. Millburn, Methodist, until December 2, 1902.
- *F.J. Prettyman, Methodist, elected December 2, 1902.
House of Representatives
- Clerk: Alexander McDowell
- Sergeant at Arms: Henry Casson
- Doorkeeper: William J. Glenn, until March 12, 1902
- * Frank B. Lyon, elected March 18, 1902
- Postmaster: Joseph C. McElroy
- Clerk of the United States House of Representatives|Reading Clerks]: E.L. Sampson and Dennis E. Alward
- Clerk at the Speaker's Table: Asher C. Hinds
- Chaplain: Henry N. Couden, Universalist