Dachau trials


The Dachau trials, also known as the Dachau Military Tribunal, handled the prosecution of almost every war criminal captured in the U.S. military zones in Allied-occupied Germany and in Allied-occupied Austria, and the prosecutions of military personnel and civilian persons who committed war crimes against the American military and American citizens. The war-crime trials were held within the compound of the former Dachau concentration camp by military tribunals authorized by the Judge Advocate General of the U.S. Third Army.
The Nazi war criminals were held and tried at the Dachau concentration camp since the camp had buildings adequate to housing the many personnel required for and involved in the legal proceedings of a war-crimes trial, and since the Dachau prison camp had many jail cells in which to hold the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS officers and soldiers accused of war crimes. The American Military Tribunal for the war-crime trials at Dachau featured the JAG attorney William Denson as the chief prosecutor, and the attorney Lt. Col. Douglas T. Bates Jr., an artillery officer, as the chief defense counsel.

Proceedings

Unlike the international military trials in Nuremberg that prosecuted the major Nazi war criminals under the jurisdiction of the four Allied Occupying Powers, the Dachau tribunals were held exclusively by the United States military between August 1945 and December 1947. The proceedings were similar to the 12 post-1946 Nuremberg trials that were also conducted solely by the United States. All the hearings were held within Dachau because it was, at the time, the best known of the Nazi concentration camps and it would act as a backdrop for the trials by underlining the moral corruption of the Nazi regime. They were held by the American Military Tribunal, without a jury, but instead by a panel of seven men, one of whom was versed in international military law. The prosecution was different from most trials, in that the burden of proof was on the defense. The term used by Ben Ferencz was "quick trials".
The charges to be carried out by the United States Military were against Germans such as camp guards, some SS units and medical personnel, who had taken part in war crimes against allied nationals. The Dachau trials consisted of 465 trials of individuals from not only the Dachau concentration camp, but also Flossenbürg concentration camp, Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp complex, Nordhausen concentration camp, Buchenwald concentration camp, and Mühldorf concentration camp complex and consisted of four main categories of charges: main camp offense, subsidiary camp offenses, atrocities against downed fliers, and then a catchall category mainly consisting of details about the Malmedy Massacre.
The first trial was that of Franz Strasser in August 1945. The mass trials started in November 1945 and were adjourned the following month. By December 13, 1947, when the trials adjourned once more, roughly 1200 defendants had been tried with roughly a 73% conviction rate. During the almost three years in total, the American military tribunals tried 1,672 German alleged war criminals in 489 separate proceedings. In total 1,416 former members of the Nazi regime were convicted; of these, 297 received death sentences and 279 were sentenced to life in prison. All convicted prisoners were sent to War Criminals Prison #1 at Landsberg am Lech to serve their sentences or to be hanged.
Two of the most highly publicized trials concerned the activities of German forces during the Battle of the Bulge in late 1944. In the Malmedy massacre trial, 73 members of the Waffen-SS were found guilty of summarily executing 84 American prisoners of war during the attack. In another trial, former German commando Otto Skorzeny and nine officers from the Panzer Brigade 150, were found not guilty of breaching the rules of war contrary to the Hague Convention of 1907 for wearing American military uniforms in a false flag operation, Operation Greif.

The war-crime trials

  • The Dachau camp trials: 40 officials were tried; 36 of the defendants were sentenced to death on 13 December 1945. Of these, 28 were hanged on 28 May and 29 May 1946, including the former commandant Martin Gottfried Weiss and the camp doctor Claus Schilling. Smaller groups of Dachau camp officials and guards were included in several subsequent trials by the U.S. court. On 21 November 1946 it was announced that, up to that date, 116 defendants of this category had been convicted and sentenced to terms of imprisonment.
  • The Mauthausen camp trials: 61 officials of this camp were tried by a U.S. military court at Dachau in March/April, 1946; 58 defendants were sentenced to death by hanging on 13 May 1946. However, nine of the defendants who were sentenced to death had their sentences changed to life imprisonment, while the remaining three defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment. Those executed included the commandant of the SS-Totenkopfverbände.
  • The Flossenbürg camp trial: 52 officials and guards of this camp were tried between 12 June 1946 and 19 January 1947. Of the defendants, 15 were sentenced to death and 25 to terms of imprisonment. However, one of those who received a prison sentence in the main Flossenbürg trial, Erich Muhsfeldt, was later extradited to Poland. He was sentenced to death in the Auschwitz trial, and executed in 1948.
  • The Buchenwald camp trial: between April and August, 1947, 31 defendants were found guilty. Of these 22 were sentenced to death; 9 to imprisonment.
  • The Mühldorf camp trial: five officials were sentenced to death by a U.S. war crimes court at Dachau on 13 May 1947 and seven to imprisonment.
  • The Dora-Nordhausen Trial: On 7 August 1947 it convicted 15 former SS guards and Kapos. The trial also addressed the question of liability of Mittelwerk V-2 rocket scientists.

    Death sentences

  • Richard Drauz: Former Nazi Party official, Kreisleiter of Heilbronn and member of the Reichstag. Sentenced to death on 11 December 1945 for his involvement in the summary execution of an Allied prisoner of war on 24 March 1945. Executed on 4 December 1946.
  • August Eigruber: Ex SS-Obergruppenführer, Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter of Reichsgau Oberdonau and Landeshauptmann of Upper Austria. Condemned to death on 13 May 1946 for his involvement in the establishment and administration of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. Executed on 28 May 1947.
  • Otto Förschner: Ex SS-Sturmbannführer and former commandant of the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp and commander of the Dachau satellite-camp of Kaufering. Sentenced to death on 13 December 1945 for crimes committed during his tenure at Kaufering. Executed on 28 May 1946.
  • Friedrich Hildebrandt: Ex SS-Obergruppenführer, Gauleiter of Gau Mecklenburg and Reichsstatthalter of Mecklenburg. Condemned to death on 2 April 1947 in the airmen's trial for violation of the Hague Conventions by issuing orders to capture and shoot parachuting U.S. aircrewmen. Executed on 5 November 1948.
  • Eduard Krebsbach: Ex SS-Sturmbannführer and chief medical officer of Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. Condemned to death on 13 May 1946 for killing hundreds of ill and disabled inmates by administering lethal injections of the chemical compound Benzene. Executed on 28 May 1947.
  • Julius Ludolf: Ex SS-Obersturmführer in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp system. Served as commandant of the satellite-camps of Loibl, Großraming and Melk. Condemned to death on 13 May 1946 and executed on 28 May 1947.
  • Hans Möser: Ex SS-Obersturmführer and commander of the protective custody camp at Mittelbau-Dora. Condemned to death on 30 December 1947 for his involvement in the executions of camp inmates. Executed on 26 November 1948. The only defendant of the 19 in the Dora Trial to receive a death sentence.
  • Joachim Peiper: Ex SS-Standartenführer and commander of the 1st SS-Panzerregiment/"Kampfgruppe Peiper" during the Battle of the Bulge. Condemned to death on 16 July 1946 for his role in the Malmedy massacre. Sentence was subsequently commuted to life imprisonment and later to time served, following an investigation conducted by the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee which concluded that improper pre-trial procedures by U.S. authorities had unfairly affected the trial process. Released from prison in December 1956. Died from asphyxiation on 14 July 1976 after communist arsonists discovered his identity and set his house on fire.
  • Alexander Piorkowski: Ex SS-Sturmbannführer and commandant of Dachau concentration camp. Executed on 22 October 1948.
  • Hermann Pister: Ex SS-Oberführer and commandant of Buchenwald concentration camp. Condemned to death in August 1947 but died in prison of a heart attack on 28 September 1948 before the sentence could be carried out.
  • Claus Schilling: Former civilian medical specialist at Dachau concentration camp. Sentenced to death on 13 December 1945 for his involvement in medical experimentation on camp inmates. Executed on 28 May 1946.
Image:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 03.jpg|thumb|Jürgen Stroop with his men in the burning Warsaw Ghetto, 1943
  • Jürgen Stroop: Ex SS-Gruppenführer. Sentenced to death on 21 March 1947 for ordering the summary execution of captured Allied airmen. Later extradited to Poland to stand trial for his role in the liquidation of the Warsaw ghetto. Condemned to death by Polish authorities on 23 July 1951 and executed in Mokotów Prison in Warsaw on 6 March 1952.
  • Erich Wasicky: Ex SS-Hauptsturmführer and medical officer in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp system. Oversaw the establishment and operation of the gas chambers in the Mauthausen main camp and the satellite camp of Hartheim. Sentenced to death on 13 May 1946 and executed on 28 May 1947.
  • Martin Gottfried Weiss: Ex SS-Obersturmbannführer in the Dachau concentration camp system. Served twice as commandant of the Dachau main camp. Also commanded the satellite-camp of Mühldorf. Sentenced to death on 13 December 1945 for atrocities committed during his first command at Dachau, which included the initial construction and use of the camp's gas chamber and human experimentation conducted using camp inmates. Executed on 29 May 1946.
  • Fritz Dietrich: Former SS police chief of Liepāja. Responsible for ordering the Liepāja massacres. Sentenced to death for the illegal executions of 7 American airmen. Executed on 22 October 1948.