Cumbrian Coast Line
The Cumbrian Coast Line is a rail route in North West England, running from Carlisle to Barrow-in-Furness via Workington and Whitehaven. The line forms part of Network Rail route NW 4033, which continues via Ulverston and Grange-over-Sands to Carnforth, where it connects with the West Coast Main Line.
History
favoured, and carried out preliminary surveys for, a scheme to link England and Scotland by a railway running along the coast between Lancaster and Carlisle, but this 'Grand Caledonian Junction Railway' was never built, the direct route over Shap being preferred. Consequently, the line along the Cumbrian coast is the result of piecemeal railway building by a number of different companies:Maryport and Carlisle Railway
to MaryportPromoted to link with Newcastle and Carlisle Railway to give "one complete and continuous line of communication from the German Ocean to the Irish Sea" and to open up the northern portion of West Cumbrian coalfield. The act of Parliament was the Maryport and Carlisle Railway Act 1837 ; first section – Maryport to Arkleby – opened 1840: line Maryport–Carlisle fully opened 1845. Originally laid single; doubled throughout by 1861. Remained independent until grouping.
Whitehaven Junction Railway
Maryport to Whitehaven .Whitehaven at this time was dominated by the Lowther family, and its head the Earl of Lonsdale. Attempts supported by William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale to promote a 'Whitehaven, Maryport and Carlisle Railway' in 1835, had lost out to the Maryport and Carlisle Railway. In 1844 a more limited project for a railway between Whitehaven and Maryport got its authorising act of Parliament, the '. The first Earl had died earlier in 1844, and it was his son, the second Earl, who became chairman of the company and remained so throughout its existence. The line was opened from Maryport to Workington at the end of November 1845, and to Harrington mid-May 1846 Between Whitehaven and Harrington the line ran between cliffs and the sea and landslips, rockfalls, and high tides made construction problematical. A train ran all the way from Maryport to Whitehaven on 19 February 1847, but the passengers left it at Harrington; the line opened for passenger traffic 18 March 1847.
In 1848 two acts of Parliament were obtained; the ' to authorise the raising of further capital to cover overspend on the construction of the existing line, and the ' to make the link with the Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway by an elevated railway running to the harbour and then along the harbour front. The harbour link was never built but lines were laid down to serve the North Pier. There were continuing difficulties with the sea walls on the Whitehaven-Harrington section, which were now described as of bad and inefficient design and executed in a worse and more objectionable manner; in 1851 the seawall was rebuilt at Harrington and Lowca at a cost of £6,000. However, when in January 1852 a storm badly damaged the seawall immediately north of Whitehaven station the damaged section pre-dated the railway. A further storm in December 1852 caused more extensive damage, the repaired section being lost again as a consequence of failure of the old wall immediately north of it, but services were resumed within a fortnight. The link to the from the was made by a tunnel, completed at the end of September 1852; a joint working agreement with the took effect at the start of 1854. In December 1855, Bransty station shut for goods business and the Preston Street station of the became the 's goods station for Whitehaven.
In 1856, the company secretary was replaced after an audit suggested about £3,000 had gone missing, and the company engineer resigned because of the defective state of the engines and the inefficiency of previous repairs but the was entering an era of prosperity largely because of a boom in haematite mining. It was reported that in 1856, the quantity of iron ore raised in the neighbourhood of Whitehaven was 259,167 tons. Of this 152,875 was shipped at Whitehaven, 65,675 sent away by rail, and 39,617 tons used at the iron works in the district. The destinations of the ore were as follows: Wales, 124,630 tons; Staffordshire 26,768 tons; Scotland 15,865 tons, Newcastle, Middlesbro &c, 51470 tons; and to France 817 tons.
A branch to the wet dock at Maryport opened September 1859 and carried considerable traffic from collieries at Flimby; the line was widened from Maryport to Flimby and doubled throughout by 1861. The original Railway Hotel at Bransty was bought for use as station buildings and offices for the two Whitehaven companies, the Cockermouth and Workington Railway's half-share of Workington station was bought out, and timber viaducts at Workington and Harrington were replaced, the Board of Trade objecting to the use of timber in the Harrington replacement, especially given the 's prosperity: "The continued use of this material in the present instance by the directors of a company... whose receipts are... £53 per mile per week is quite inexcusable." The reached an agreement in 1864 with the Cockermouth and Workington to lease the C&WR, guaranteeing a 10% dividend to C&WR shareholders, but did not get parliamentary approval for the necessary bill, the Whitehaven, Cleator and Egremont Railway objecting that the lease would obstruct any movement of ore northwards except over the The then reached agreement with the London and North Western Railway for the to lease the in perpetuity, paying 10% a year. ; the ', making the amalgamation permanent, received its royal assent in July 1886. In the first six months of operation by the, the profit on the line was said to be 27% a year.
When the Whitehaven–Harrington section was first opened the Carlisle Journal – politically opposed to the Lowther interest – had criticised it : "Zig-zag, zig-zag, zig-zag, perpetually. No serpent wriggles in more contortions than the Whitehaven Junction Railway" and pointed out the horrors of an accident on such a corniche "The poor wretches who fill the train must either have their brains dashed out against the rocks at one side or be pitched head-foremost into the sea on the other" Train crew could never see far ahead, and there was always the possibility of a rockfall onto the track: even after the doubling of the line, the Board of Trade required a speed limit of 15 mph on the section. In 1860, whilst the section was still single-track, a heavy iron-ore train broke down on this section and a mistake by the station-master at Whitehaven led to a low-speed collision between a portion of the train being returned to Whitehaven and a passenger train advancing to push the failed train to Harrington. Sixteen passengers were injured, two seriously; the accident was said to have cost the about £20,000 in compensation alone, and the vulnerability of the dividend to any further accident was one of the arguments adduced in support of the lease to the.
Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway
Whitehaven to Foxfield.The first Earl of Lonsdale had supported the idea of a railway linking Whitehaven to Maryport, but had had no interest in building a railway south of Whitehaven, let alone one linking to the West Coast Main Line : however he died in 1844 and was succeeded by his son William Lowther, 2nd Earl of Lonsdale who supported the scheme and under his chairmanship the Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway obtained its act of Parliament, the ', in the next session of Parliament. and in 1846 a further act of Parliament, the ', for extension of the to a junction with the near the latter's Whitehaven station. There was little potential local traffic, and the hope was for the through traffic which would flow once the was extended to a junction with the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway south of Carnforth. However a bill for that extension was rejected because of inconsistencies in its documentation and it was left to others to provide a link between Lancaster and Furness, and to Lord Lonsdale to nurse the company until better times arrived.
By 1847, the company was becoming concerned that remaining funds would be insufficient to tackle the remaining expensive engineering . In 1848 bills were brought forward to make the link with the by an elevated railway running to the harbour and then along the harbour front and for abandoning the Duddon crossing to Kirkby Ireleth, the line instead turning back on itself to follow the west bank of the Duddon estuary upstream to a much shorter crossing to a junction with the Broughton-in-Furness branch of the Furness Railway at Foxfield.
The 16 km section of line from Mirehouse to the River Calder, already used for construction traffic, was used to move coal to depots at Braystones and Sellafield in February 1849, marking its opening for goods traffic. The first passenger services between a temporary station at Preston Street and Ravenglass followed an official opening on 21 July 1849. Bootle became the southern terminus of passenger services in July 1850: the last section between Bootle and Foxfield was opened for passenger services 1 November 1850 although trains carrying Lord Lonsdale and invited guests had travelled from Whitehaven to Broughton-in-Furness over the section on at least two previous occasions. The link to the station at the north of the town was made by a tunnel, completed at the end of September 1852. A tramway through the market place allowing goods waggons to be horse-drawn from Preston Street to the south end of the harbour, authorised by the was completed in 1854; a joint working agreement with the took effect at the start of 1854. From December 1855 passenger trains ran to the station at Bransty; Preston Street became the goods station for both lines and a passenger station was opened at Corkickle, immediately south of the tunnel. The goods portion of north-bound mixed trains was detached some distance from Corkickle and run into Preston Street under gravity.
The opening of the Whitehaven, Cleator and Egremont Railway brought considerable additional mineral traffic onto the at its northern end: at the southern end, a through route southward from Whitehaven was finally achieved with the completion of the Ulverstone and Lancaster Railway in 1857, reflecting this an additional curve was laid down at the junction with the Furness Railway and trains ran to Foxfield or Ulverston rather than Broughton. To facilitate the export of haematite southwards, in 1864 the W&JR projected a direct crossing of the Duddon estuary in competition with a similar proposal by the Furness Railway; disagreement with the Whitehaven, Cleator and Egremont as to who should build a line from the WC&ER at Egremont to the at Sellafield was deferred by the 's charges being reduced, and both companies dropping their plans to build the line, subsequently agreeing to promote as a joint line. The got its bill for the Duddon crossing, but then agreed to be leased by the Furness Railway for a guaranteed 8% a year.