County Wexford
County Wexford[Dissolution of the monasteries|] is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Southern Region. Named after the town of Wexford, it was based on the historic Gaelic territory of Hy Kinsella, whose capital was Ferns. Wexford County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 163,527 at the 2022 census.
History
The county is rich in evidence of early human habitation. Portal tombs exist at Ballybrittas and at Newbawn – and date from the Neolithic period or earlier. Remains from the Bronze Age period are far more widespread. Early Irish tribes formed the Kingdom of Uí Cheinnsealaig, an area that was slightly larger than the current County Wexford.County Wexford was one of the earliest areas of Ireland to be Christianised, in the early 5th century. Later, from 819 onwards, the Vikings invaded and plundered many Christian sites in the county. Vikings settled at Wexford town near the end of the 9th century.
In 1169, Wexford was the site of the invasion of Ireland by Normans at the behest of Diarmuid Mac Murrough, King of Uí Cheinnsealaig and king of Leinster. This was followed by the subsequent colonisation of the country by the Cambro-Normans.
The native Irish began to regain some of their former territories in the 14th century, especially in the north of the county, principally under Art MacMurrough Kavanagh. Under Henry VIII,
the great religious houses were dissolved, 1536–41; in County Wexford this included Glascarrig Priory, Clonmines Priory, Tintern Abbey, and Dunbrody Abbey.
On 23 October 1641, a major rebellion broke out in Ireland, and County Wexford produced strong support for Confederate Ireland. Oliver Cromwell and his English Parliamentarian Army arrived in 1649 in the county and captured it. The lands of the Irish and Anglo-Normans were confiscated and given to Cromwell's soldiers as payment for their service in the Parliamentarian Army. At Duncannon, in the south-west of the county, James II, after his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne, embarked for Kinsale and then to exile in France.
County Wexford was the most important area in which the Irish Rebellion of 1798 was fought, during which significant battles occurred at The Battle of Oulart Hill during the 1798 rebellion. Vinegar Hill and New Ross. The famous ballad "Boolavogue" was written in remembrance of the Wexford Rising. At Easter 1916, a small rebellion occurred at Enniscorthy town, on cue with that in Dublin. During World War II, German planes bombed Campile. In 1963 John F. Kennedy, then President of the United States, visited the county and his ancestral home at Dunganstown, near New Ross.
Geography and subdivisions
Wexford is the 13th-largest of Ireland's thirty-two traditional counties in area, and 9th-largest in terms of population. It is the largest of Leinster's 12 counties in size, and fourth-largest in terms of population. The county is located in the south-east corner of the island of Ireland. It is bounded by the sea on two sides—on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and on the east by St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea. The River Barrow forms its western boundary. The Blackstairs Mountains form part of the boundary to the north, as do the southern edges of the Wicklow Mountains. The adjoining counties are Waterford to the south-west, Kilkenny to the west, Carlow to the north-west and Wicklow in the north.Towns and villages
- County Town: Wexford
- Market Town: Gorey
- Adamstown
- Arthurstown
- Ballindaggin
- Ballycanew
- Ballycullane
- Ballyedmond
- Ballyfad
- Ballygarrett
- Ballyhack
- Ballywilliam
- Bannow
- Barntown
- Blackwater
- Bree
- Bridgetown
- Broadway
- Bunclody
- Camolin
- Campile
- Castlebridge
- Castletown
- Cleariestown
- Clohamon
- Clonroche
- Coolgreany
- Courtown
- Craanford
- Crossabeg
- Cullenstown
- Curracloe
- Duncannon
- Duncormick
- Enniscorthy
- Ferns
- Fethard-on-Sea
- Foulkesmill
- Gorey
- Hollyfort
- Inch
- Killinierin
- Kilmore
- Kilmore Quay
- Kilmuckridge
- Kiltealy
- Monamolin
- Monaseed
- Murrintown
- Monageer
- Newbawn
- New Ross
- Oulart
- Oylegate
- Poulpeasty
- Rathangan
- Rosslare
- Rosslare Harbour
- Raheen
- Rathnure
- Saltmills
- Taghmon
- Watch House Village
- Wellingtonbridge
- Wexford
Mountains and hills
Other high points:
- Black Rock Mountain,, located near the Wexford-Carlow border, within County Wexford.
- Croghan Mountain on the Wexford-Wicklow border –
- Annagh Hill,, near the Wicklow border
- Slieveboy,
File:Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge.jpg|thumb|230px|Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge, the longest in Ireland, crossing the River Barrow near New Ross
Rivers and lakes
The major rivers are the Slaney and the Barrow. At in length, the river Barrow is the second-longest river on the island of Ireland. Smaller rivers of note are the Owenduff, Pollmounty, Corrock, Urrin, Boro, Owenavorragh, Sow and Bann rivers.There are no significant fresh-water lakes in the county. Small seaside lakes or lagoons exist at two locations – one is called Lady's Island Lake and the other Tacumshin Lake.
The Wexford Cot is a flat-bottomed boat used for fishing on the tidal mudflats in Wexford. A canoe-shaped punt fitted with a gun, called a float in Wexford, is used traditionally to shoot game birds in the North Slob mud flats.
Islands
The Saltee Islands lie offshore from Kilmore Quay, while the smaller Keeragh Islands are offshore from Bannow.Climate
County Wexford, sometimes dubbed Ireland's "sunny southeast", has in general a higher number of hours of sunshine recorded daily than in the rest of the country.This has resulted in Wexford becoming one of the most popular places in Ireland in which to reside. The county has a mild, but changeable, oceanic climate with few extremes. The North Atlantic Drift, a continuation of the Gulf Stream, moderates winter temperatures. There is a meteorological station located at Rosslare Harbour. January and February are generally the coldest months, with temperatures ranging from on average. July and August are generally the warmest months, with average temperatures ranging from in coastal areas and in inland areas. The prevailing winds blow from the south-west. Precipitation falls throughout the year. Mean annual rainfall is. Generally, the county receives less snow than more northerly parts of Ireland. Heavy snowfalls are relatively rare, but can occur. The one exception is Mount Leinster, visible from a large portion of the county, and frequently covered with snow during the winter months. Frost is frequent in winter months, less so in coastal areas.
Soil
An ice sheet covered most, but not all, of the county during the last Ice age. As the ice retreated, County Wexford would have been one of the first areas to be covered with glacial drift that blanketed the existing bedrock. This has led to high-quality soils, suitable for a wide range of agriculture. A very detailed soil survey of the county was published in 1964 as part of the 'National Soil Survey of Ireland'. It classifies each area of the county according to its specific soil type.Most of the county is covered with soils called brown earths, described as well-drained and having a wide use-range. After that, gleys are the next major soil type, primarily located in the south-east of the county and east of Gorey. Gleys are dotted elsewhere around the county in small areas, and where they occur they generally form bogland. The last major soil type, brown podzolics, occur mainly near the edges of the Blackstairs Mountain range and around Bunclody and in the baronies of East Shelmalier and South Ballaghkeen. Though there are areas covered with other soil types, these are of limited extent.
Flora
Common species of tree include oak, ash, sycamore, alder, blackthorn, hawthorn, beech and birch. Less common species include wild cherry and Scots pine. Elm is now far less common, due to the devastating effects of Dutch elm disease. Gorse is very common. A priority habitat in Wexford is the grey dune, on which many native wild flora grow, including bee orchid and pyramidal orchid. Despite the designation of much of this habitat as a Special Area of Conservation, it remains threatened by destruction for agricultural intensification. There is very little natural forest in the county. Most natural trees and vegetation grow on hedgerows.Fauna
South-eastern Wexford is an important site for wild birds—the north side of Wexford Harbour, the North Slob, is home to 10,000 Greenland white-fronted geese each winter, while in the summer Lady's Island Lake is an important breeding site for terns, especially the roseate tern. The grey heron is also seen.Throughout the county pheasant, woodpigeon and feral pigeons are widespread. Mute swan, mallard, kingfisher, and owls are less common – but plentiful. Red grouse, once common, is now extremely scarce. The species has been in decline for some decades. Threats include habitat degradation, disease, predation and over-hunting. Red grouse in Ireland are now considered threatened. The corncrake, also once very common, is now almost never seen. Smaller birds—such as crows, swallows, robins, wrens and so on—are very common. The first magpies in Ireland were recorded by Robert Leigh, of Rosegarland, County Wexford, as having appeared in the County of Wexford about 1676.
Land mammals include badger, rabbit, otter, hedgehog, red fox, mink, bats, squirrels, rats, and mice. Two types of hare—the Irish hare and the less common brown hare—are found. Hare is not nearly as common as rabbit. The stoat is also reasonably common. Locally the stoat is just as often incorrectly called a weasel.
Only two types of seal are found on County Wexford's coast—Atlantic grey seals are very plentiful in coastal areas; the slightly smaller common seal is less common, yet plentiful. The small tortoiseshell butterfly is the most common species of butterfly in the county. Various types of moth are also common. The common frog – the only type of frog found – is plentiful.