Divine Council


A Divine Council is an assembly of a number of deities over which a higher-level one presides.

Historical setting

The concept of a divine assembly is attested in the archaic Sumerian, Akkadian, Old Babylonian, Ancient Egyptian, Babylonian, Canaanite, Israelite, Celtic, Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman and Nordic pantheons. Ancient Egyptian literature reveals the existence of a "synod of the gods". Some of our most complete descriptions of the activities of the divine assembly are found in the literature from Mesopotamia. Their assembly of the gods, headed by the high god Anu, would meet to address various concerns. The term used in Sumerian to describe this concept was Ukkin, and in later Akkadian and Aramaic was puhru.

Examples

Archaic Sumerian

One of the first records of a divine council appears in the Lament for Ur, where the pantheon of Annunaki is led by An with Ninhursag and Enlil also appearing as prominent members.

Akkadian

The divine council is led by Anu, Enlil, and Ninlil.

Old Babylonian

In the Old Babylonian pantheon, Samas and Adad chair the meetings of the divine council.

Ancient Egyptian

The leader of the Ancient Egyptian pantheon is considered to either be Thoth or Ra, who were known to hold meetings at Heliopolis.

Babylonian

appears in the Babylonian Enûma Eliš as presiding over a divine council, deciding fates and dispensing divine justice.

Canaanite

Texts from Ugarit give a detailed description of the Divine Council, in which El and Ba'al are the presiding gods.

Hebrew/Israelite

In the Hebrew Bible, there are multiple descriptions of Yahweh presiding over a great assembly of Heavenly Hosts. Some interpret these assemblies as examples of a Divine Council:
The Revised JPS Edition of Psalm 82 translation reads: "God stands in the divine assembly, pronouncing judgment among the divine beings ". The meaning of the two occurrences of "" has been debated by scholars, with some suggesting both words refer to Yahweh, while others propose that the God of Israel rules over a divine assembly of other gods or angels. Some English translations of Psalm 82:1 render the verse as, "God stands in the congregation of the mighty to judge the heart as God ", which avoids reference to a divine council altogether. Later, in Psalm 82:6, the word for "gods" is again used : "I have said, Ye gods; and all of you children of the most High." Instead of "gods", the 1917 Jewish Publication Society of America Version uses "godlike beings". Still, the Biblical Hebrew term is . Psalm 82 is quoted in the Christian New Testament in John 10:34.
In 1 Kings 22:19, the prophet Micaiah has a vision of Yahweh seated among "the whole host of heaven" standing on his right and on his left. He asks who will entice Ahab, and a spirit volunteers. This has been interpreted as an example of a divine council.
The first two chapters of the Book of Job describe the "Sons of God" assembling in the presence of Yahweh. Like "multitudes of heaven", the term "Sons of God" defies certain interpretation. This assembly has been interpreted by some as another example of divine council. Others translate "Sons of God" as "angels" and thus argue that this is not a divine council because angels are God's creation, not deities.
Writes Christian theologian David N. Freedman for the Anchor Bible Dictionary:

Chinese

In Chinese theology, the deities under the Jade Emperor were sometimes referred to as the celestial bureaucracy because they were portrayed as organized like an earthly government.

Celtic

In Celtic mythology, most deities are considered members of the same family: the Tuatha Dé Danann. Family members include the Goddesses Danu, Brigid, Airmid, The Morrígan, and others. Gods in the family include Ogma, the Dagda, Lugh and Goibniu, again, among many others. The Celts honoured many tribal and tutelary deities, along with spirits of nature and ancestral spirits. Sometimes a deity was seen as the ancestor of a clan and family line. Leadership of the family changed over time, depending on the situation. The Celtic deities do not fit most Classical ideas of a "Divine Council" or pantheon.

Ancient Greek

and Hera preside over the divine council in Greek mythology. The council assists Odysseus in Homer's Odyssey.

Ancient Roman

presides over the Roman pantheon who prescribe punishment on Lycaon in Ovid's Metamorphoses, as well as punishing Argos and Thebes in Thebaid by Statius.

Norse

There are mentions in Gautreks saga and in the euhemerized work of Saxo Grammaticus of the Norse gods meeting in council. The gods sitting in council in their judgment seats or "thrones of fate" is one of the refrains in the Eddic poem "Völuspá"; a "thing" of the gods is also mentioned in "Baldrs draumar", "Þrymskviða" and the skaldic "Haustlöng", in those poems always in the context of some calamity. Snorri Sturluson, in his Prose Edda, referred to a daily council of the gods at Urð's well, citing a verse from "Grímnismál" about Thor being forced through rivers to reach it. However, although the word regin usually refers to the gods, in some occurrences of reginþing it may be simply an intensifier meaning "great", as it is in modern Icelandic, rather than indicating a meeting of the divine council.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

"The Council in Heaven" is central to the premortal life in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Latter-day Saints believe that in the premortal life, Heavenly Father explained to His children what life on earth would be like. He taught that individuals would receive agency and be able to choose between good and evil. He also taught of birth, death, judgement, and resurrection. The plan included the role of Jesus Christ in atoning for the sins of the world and being resurrected so that people would be able to repent and return unto God. Lucifer rebelled against the plan and wanted to eliminate agency so that "one soul shall not be lost". He wanted power and glory for himself and as a result he and his followers were cast out of Heaven.