1 Kings 22


1 Kings 22 is the 22nd chapter of the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 16:15 to 2 Kings 8:29 which documents the period of the Omrides. The focus of this chapter is the reign of king Ahab and Ahaziah in the northern kingdom, as well as of king Jehoshaphat in the southern kingdom.

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 53 verses in Christian Bibles, but into 54 verses in the Hebrew Bible as in the verse numbering comparison table below.

Verse numbering

This article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis, Aleppo Codex, and Codex Leningradensis. Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 with extant verses 28–31.
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus and Codex Alexandrinus.

Old Testament references

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    Death of Ahab (22:1–40)

Despite the announcement that his punishment for his crime against Naboth only befell his sons and he seemed to die of natural causes, Ahab was not left unreprimanded. The narrative of his death displays much life of Ahab into a single climactic story:
  1. Ahab was confronted by a prophet, as he was warned throughout his reign by other prophets, such as Elijah and an unnamed prophet for sparing Ben-hadad, the king of Aram. Despite his efforts to elude his fate, Ahab was dead according to the words of YHWH through Micaiah.
  2. he fought Arameans, as he had before ;
  3. his building projects are mentioned again
Three prophets, three warnings, three witnesses; these are the sign of Yahweh's continuing mercy to Ahab and Ahab cannot plead ignorance nor innocence: first warning, Ahab became sullen and angry; second warning, Ahab showed repentance; third warning: Ahab defiantly went to battle in disguise, but he got three chances, so it was strike three, in the third year, and he was removed.
The peace between Aram and Israel following the Battle of Aphek lasted three years, Ahab decided to capture the strategic Transjordan trading hub, Ramoth Gilead, while he made use of the close ties between the kingdoms of Judah and Israel.
Ahab did not hesitate to sacrifice Jehoshaphat to the enemy in order to save himself who went in disguise. However, the results were different, as Jehoshaphat remained unhurt whereas a stray arrow hit Ahab and he could not leave the battlefield until evening.
The narrative also has an underlying theme of the battle between true and false prophecy. A fundamental problem regarding the prophets is the unaccountability of their own attitude towards God's messages. Micaiah ben Imlah states that the 'prophets' with opposing messages were possessed by an evil spirit who helped to drive Ahab to death, because he witnessed the discussions at a heavenly council. Just as Isaiah's warning to the people was ignored, Micaiah's message for Ahab to change course was not heard, so Ahab would meet his doom according to the true prophecy from YHWH.

Verse 1

  • "Three years without war": These three years were not full years, but were to be counted from the second defeat of Ben-hadad. George Rawlinson conjectures that during this period the Assyrian invasion under Shalmaneser III took place and as stated in the Black Obelisk 'Ahab of Jezreel' joined an alliance of kings against the Assyrians, furnishing a force of 10,000 footmen and 2000 chariots.

    Verse 2

  • "The third year": during the peace between Syria and Israel, not after the event involving Naboth. The marriage of Jehoram, son of Jehoshaphat, with Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab and Jezebel, would have taken place some years before this date.
  • "Came down": The journey from Jerusalem to the provinces was termed as "going down", whereas the trip to Jerusalem as "going up".

    Jehoshaphat, the king of Judah (22:41–50)

Jehoshaphat was officially introduced, after the report that he was closely linked to Ahab, supporting the statement in the Annals that there was no war with Israel during his reign. The kingdom of Judah at this time controlled Edom and therefore had access to the Red Sea at the seaport of Ezion-geber, but they lacked the nautical skill to undertake trade projects and the big ships were wrecked at the harbor

Verses 41–42

  • Cross reference: 2 Chronicles 20:31
  • "In the fourth year of Ahab": in Thiele's chronology, Jehoshaphat became coregent in Tishrei 873 BCE, and starting to rule as a sole king on the 4th year of Ahab between September 870 and April 869 BCE until his death between April and September 848 BCE. It is not clear whether Jehoshaphat was 35 years of age when he became coregent or when he became king; his age of death would be at 59 if the former, or at 56 if the latter.

    Verse 43

Verse 22:43b in the English Bible is numbered as 22:44 in the Hebrew text.

Ahaziah, the king of Israel (22:51–53)

Ahaziah, Ahab's son and successor, followed the footsteps of his father and his mother in his short reign, so did not change the punishment of Omri's dynasty which was only postponed.

Verse 51

  • "In the 17th year of Jehoshaphat": in Thiele's chronology, Ahaziah became king between April and September 853 BCE, and he died between April and September 852 BCE.

    Verse 52