Comfort food


Comfort food is food that provides the eater a nostalgic or sentimental value and may be characterized by its satisfying heartiness and association with childhood or home cooking. The nostalgia may be specific to an individual or it may apply to a specific culture.

Definition and history

The term comfort food can be traced back at least to 1615, where in the beginning of the second part of Don Quixote, at the beginning of chapter one, Quixote's niece and her nurse are told to pamper him, "to give him things to eat which are comforting and appropriate for the heart and the brain...." Others trace it back to 1966, when the Palm Beach Post used it in a story: "Adults, when under severe emotional stress, turn to what could be called 'comfort food'—food associated with the security of childhood, like mother's poached egg or famous chicken soup." According to research by April White at JSTOR, it might have been Liza Minnelli who used the term for the first time in its modern meaning in an interview, admitting to craving a hamburger.
When the term first appeared, newspapers used it in quotation marks. In the 1970s, the most popular comfort food in the United States were various potato dishes and chicken soup, but even at the time, the definition varied from person to person. During the next decades, the nature of comfort food changed in the US, shifting from savory dishes to sweet ones, while comfort food themed cookbooks started to spread and restaurants started to offer items labelled as such, when originally the term was used for food items consumed "home alone". Worldwide diet trends emerging in the 1990s, like the low fat or the low-carb diet, were unable to end the cravings for comfort food. According to White, the COVID-19 pandemic that hit the world in 2020 further strengthened people's need for comfort food that evokes nostalgia and the feeling of belonging.

Psychological studies

Consuming energy-dense, high calorie, high fat, salt or sugar foods, such as ice cream or french fries, may trigger the reward system in the human brain, which gives a distinctive pleasure or temporary sense of emotional elevation and relaxation. These feelings can also be induced by psychoactive ingredients found in other foods, such as coffee and chocolate. When psychological conditions are present, people often use comfort food to treat themselves. Those with negative emotions tend to eat unhealthy food in an effort to experience the instant gratification that comes with it, even if only short-lived.
One study divided college-students' comfort-food identifications into four categories with a special emphasis on the deliberate selection of particular foods to modify mood or affect, and indications that the medical-therapeutic use of particular foods may ultimately be a matter of mood-alteration.
The identification of particular items as comfort food may be idiosyncratic, though patterns are detectable. In one study of American preferences, "males preferred warm, hearty, meal-related comfort foods while females instead preferred comfort foods that were more snack related. In addition, younger people preferred more snack-related comfort foods compared to those over 55 years of age." The study also revealed strong connections between consumption of comfort foods and feelings of guilt.
Comfort food consumption is seen as a response to emotional stress and, consequently, as a key contributor to the epidemic of obesity in the United States. The provocation of specific hormonal responses leading selectively to increases in abdominal fat is seen as a form of self-medication.
Further studies suggest that consumption of comfort food is triggered in men by positive emotions, and by negative ones in women. The stress effect is particularly pronounced among college-aged women, with only 33% reporting healthy eating choices during times of emotional stress. For women specifically, these psychological patterns may be maladaptive.
A therapeutic use of these findings includes offering comfort foods or "happy hour" beverages to anorectic geriatric patients whose health and quality of life otherwise decreases with reduced oral intake.
Comfort foods provide emotional nutrition in the form of familiar tastes and a sense of security in stressful situations, but when taken in large quantities these foods become addictive and impair a person from engaging in new experiences or meeting challenges head-on. A reliance on comfort foods can stifle growth and transition, since the comfort foods are overused during times of transition and distress. The foods that people over-consume during stress periods leads to a state of emotional inertia where people may become resistant to necessary change or adaptation. This reliance on experience rather than interaction with present or upcoming situations eventually stifles the ability to thrive in fluid situations and inhibits the potential for personal growth.

By region

A partial list by region of comfort foods around the world.

Afghanistan

Comfort foods in Afghanistan are:

Australia, New Zealand and South Africa

Comfort foods in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa may include:

Austria

Austrian comfort foods may include the following foods:

Brazil

Canada

Egypt

France

Germany

German comfort foods may include the following foods:

Greece

Hong Kong

Hungary

India

India's cuisine is diverse. Some Indian comfort foods – regional and subcontinent-wide – are listed below.

Indonesia

Some popular Indonesian foods are considered to be comfort food, usually served hot or warm, and either soupy or with a soft texture. Most of them are high in carbs or fat, such as congee, fried rice, and noodles which are high in carbs; while meatballs and grilled skewered meats contain fair amounts of fat and salt. Comfort foods often are the kind of food that provides nostalgic sentiments, as they often called masakan rumahan or masakan ibu. In Indonesia, the warm and soft texture of bubur ayam is believed to help people to recover during convalescence. Sayur sop or sup ayam is Indonesian chicken soup that often sought during flu. The warm soup contains chunk of chicken, bits of potato, carrot, and common green bean served in chicken stock.
Some are traditional Indonesian food and some are derived from Chinese influences. Indonesian comfort foods include:

Ireland

Irish comfort food can include:

Italy

Japan

In Japan, there is an expression called "Taste of Mom".

Lithuania

Philippines

  • Adobo – A salt and vinegar marinated meat stew, with a large amount of local and regional variations.
  • Arroz Caldo / Lugaw – A thick, savory rice porridge, often served as breakfast, on rainy days, or when sick.
  • Batchoy – A noodle soup with a variety of meats.
  • Filipino spaghetti - Sweet and savory spaghetti
  • Ginataan – A coconut cream-based dessert soup with candied banana, sticky rice balls, sagó, taro, and langkâ.
  • Bulalo – A beef bone marrow soup.
  • Champorado – Chocolate rice porridge, sometimes served savory
  • Dinuguan - A pork blood and offal stew.
  • Halo-halo – A cold, crushed ice dessert dish of mixed sweets in fruits, with milk and topped with ice cream and leche flan.
  • Kare-kare – A stew of ox tripe and oxtail in a peanut sauce. It is regarded as a local variant of Indian curry.
  • Lumpia – Fried or fresh spring rolls with vegetable or meat filling.
  • Lomi – A hot noodle soup with distinctly thick egg noodles.
  • Pancit – A class of noodles, almost always fried or stir-fried, and often served during birthday celebrations.
  • Puto – Steamed rice cakes
  • Sinampalukan - Sour, tamarind-based chicken soup
  • Sinigang – A classification of sour soups with different configurations of meats, vegetables, and souring agents.
  • Sopas - A creamy soup with elbow macaroni.
  • Suman – Another type of glutinous rice cake
  • Tsokolate – Hot chocolate drink made with cacao, served with or without milk.

Poland

Some Polish comfort food include:

Portugal

Puerto Rico

Some Puerto Rican comfort foods include:
  • Arroz con gandules – rice with pigeon peas
  • Arroz con pollo – rice with chicken
  • Bistec encebollado – steak and onions
  • Carne Guisada – stewed beef
  • Carne mechada – Puerto Rican style meatloaf
  • Churrasco – grilled flank or skirt steak
  • Cuchifritos and Fritanga – assortments of fried appetizers
  • Habichuelas guisadas con calabaza – beans stewed with pumpkin
  • Lechón asado – roast pork
  • Mixta – white rice, stewed beans with pumpkin and stewed meat with potatoes and carrots
  • Mofongo and trifongo – fried mashed green plantains
  • Mofongo relleno de mariscos, carne o pollo – Fried mashed green plantains stuffed with seafood, meat or chicken
  • Pasteles – Puerto Rican tamales
  • Pastelón de plátano maduro – ripe banana casserole with ground beef and cheddar cheese
  • Pinchos – Puerto Rican skewers
  • Tostones – fried plantain slices

Romania

Romanian comfort foods may include:

Russia

Russian comfort foods may include:
Singapore

South Korea

Spain

Switzerland

Traditional Swiss cuisine is characterized by its simplicity and extensive use of dairy products like cheese, cream and butter. Fruits are also used in many dishes, notably Älplermagronen and Maluns.

Taiwan

Turkey

Some Turkish comfort foods are:

Ukraine

Ukrainian comfort foods include, but aren't limitied to:

United Kingdom

United Kingdom comfort foods include:

United States

American comfort foods may include the following foods: