Burmese Americans


Burmese Americans are Americans of full or partial Burmese ancestry, encompassing individuals of all ethnic backgrounds with ancestry in present-day Myanmar, regardless of specific ethnicity. As a subgroup of Asian Americans, Burmese Americans have largely integrated into the broader Southeast Asian and South Asian American communities.
In 2021, the Burmese American population stood at 233,347. Indiana had both the largest Burmese community and highest percentage of Burmese of any state. Indianapolis, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, and Fort Wayne are home to the largest Burmese American populations. As of August 2023, the Burmese population stands at 322,000, according to the Burmese American Community Institute.

History

The first Burmese to study in the United States was Maung Shaw Loo, of Mon descent, who came in 1858 to study at the University at Lewisburg in Pennsylvania. He graduated with a medical degree in 1867 and returned to Burma the following year.
In 1894, the case of In re Po ruled that Burmese are not white according to common knowledge and legal precedent.
The first major wave of immigrants from Burma occurred from the 1960s to the late 1970s, after Ne Win established military rule in 1962, following the 1962 Burmese coup d'état. Most immigrants were primarily of Sino-Burmese descent, who arrived in increasing numbers following the 1967 anti-Chinese riots. The Burmese Chinese were the first major group of Theravada Buddhists to immigrate to the United States and were largely educated professionals, business entrepreneurs and technically skilled workers. A minority were of Anglo-Burmese and Indian descent. Some Burmese immigrated to the United States after the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the previously existing quota on Asian immigrants.
A second wave occurred from the late 1980s to the early 1990s after the national uprising in 1988. This wave was more diverse, including Bamars, Karens, and other ethnic minorities, including political refugees involved in the 8888 Uprising. They are concentrated in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Between 1977 and 2000, 25,229 Burmese immigrated to the United States, although the figure is inaccurate because it does not include Burmese who immigrated via other countries to the U.S.
A third wave of immigration, from 2006 to date, has been primarily of ethnic minorities in Myanmar, in particular Karen refugees from the Thai-Burmese border. From October 2006 to August 2007, 12,800 Karen refugees resettled in the United States.
Burmese in far smaller numbers continue to immigrate to the United States today mainly through family sponsorships and the "green card lottery". Thousands of Burmese each year apply for a Diversity Immigrant Visa, a lottery-based program that grants visas to those who wish to reside in the United States.

Demographics

The Burmese American population has significantly increased since the beginning of the 21st century, due to an ongoing wave of immigration, and changes in self-identification. From 2000 to 2010, the population increased by a factor of 5.
In the lead-up to the 2010 census, an awareness campaign was conducted by the Burmese Complete Count Committee, which consisted of Burmese American organizations, to convince Burmese Americans to self-identify as "Burmese" on their census forms.
Following the 2010 census, "Burmese" became a distinct ethnic category From 2010 to 2021, the population more than doubled. Following the 2021 February Coup, waves of Burmese have fled the junta, contributing to a surge in growth. According to the Burmese American Community Institute, as of August 2023, the Burmese American population stands at 322,000.

Communities

Many Burmese join already large immigration populations in mid-sized cities, especially those in the Rust Belt and Great Plains. In 2023, the top 20 cities with the most residents reporting Burmese ancestry were as follows:
CityBurmese
Population		Burmese
Percentage
Indianapolis, IN13,6811.554%
Saint Paul, MN10,8703.509%
Fort Wayne, IN8,1723.111%
New York, NY6,3240.072%
Milwaukee, WI5,2420.907%
Albany, NY5,0004.931%
Omaha, NE4,3570.893%
Battle Creek, MI3,5007%
Tulsa, OK3,2290.786%
Utica, NY3,1114.807%
Des Moines, IA3,0751.440%
Kansas City, KS3,0471.956%
Buffalo, NY3,0241.096%
Jacksonville, FL2,9300.312%
Dallas, TX2,8500.219%
Amarillo, TX2,7821.388%
Bowling Green, KY2,7033.785%
Aurora, CO2,6620.694%
Phoenix, AZ2,3020.145%
Nashville, TN2,2120.324%
Fort Worth, TX2,0890.230%
Lewisville, TX1,6681.515%

Nuances regarding the diverse Burmese populations through cities in the U.S. are as follows:

Religion

As most Burmese are Buddhists, many Burmese Buddhist monasteries, most of which also serve as community centers, have sprouted across most major cities in the United States. A few ethnic Mon and Rakhine monasteries serve their respective ethnic populations.
Burmese Christian churches consisting mainly of ethnic Karen, Chin, Kachin, and Anglo-Burmese congregations can also be found in large metropolitan areas. Many Burmese Christians were granted asylum in the U.S. as refugees.

Languages

Professional immigrants from the first and second waves of Burmese migration are generally bilingual in Burmese and English. Others from more recent waves of Burmese migration tend to struggle in English, due to lack of exposure, especially refugees from more remote communities. More recent immigrants tend to speak ethnic minority languages, not Burmese, as their primary mother tongue. Some Burmese Americans of Chinese descent speak some Chinese. Likewise, Burmese Americans of Indian descent may speak some Indic languages, usually Tamil or Hindi/Urdu.

Notable people

This is a list of notable Burmese Americans including both Burmese immigrants who obtained American citizenship, as well as their American descendants.
  • Abraham Sofaer: actor
  • Adrian Zaw: actor
  • Aung La Nsang: mixed martial arts fighter
  • Aung San Oo: brother of Aung San Suu Kyi
  • Alex Wagner: journalist and television anchor
  • Edward Michael Law-Yone: journalist
  • Ezra Solomon: economist
  • Julie Chen Moonves, journalist
  • Kyaw Kyaw Naing: hsaing waing musician
  • Kyi Aye: poet and novelist
  • Maung Gyi: Martial arts teacher who introduced bando in America
  • Michael Aung-Thwin: historian and academic
  • Miemie Winn Byrd: Practitioner-scholar and security analyst
  • Moethee Zun: prominent leader in 1988 pro-democracy movement
  • Moe Z. Win: professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • Louisa Benson Craig: activist
  • Rich Cho: sports executive
  • MiMi Aung: NASA engineer and project manager at Jet Propulsion Laboratory
  • Thant Myint-U: academic, grandson of U Thant
  • Tin Moe: poet
  • Wendy Law-Yone: writer
  • Joshua Van: Flyweight UFC fighter