Eurovision Song Contest 1956
The Eurovision Song Contest 1956, originally titled the Gran premio Eurovisione 1956 della canzone europea, was the first edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 24 May 1956 at the Casinò Lugano in Lugano, Switzerland, and presented by Lohengrin Filipello. It was organised by the European Broadcasting Union and host broadcaster Radiotelevisione svizzera on behalf of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. It is the only time that the contest has been hosted by a solo male presenter.
Inspired principally by the Italian Sanremo Music Festival, held annually since 1951, the concept of a televised European song contest, initially proposed by Italian broadcaster RAI, was formulated by an EBU committee led by Swiss broadcaster and executive Marcel Bezençon. Following approval at the EBU's General Assembly in 1955, the rules and structure of the contest were agreed upon. Several of the rules utilised in this first contest would subsequently be altered for future editions, and it remains the only edition in which each country was represented by two songs, with a voting process which was held in secret and where juries could vote for the entries from their own country.
Broadcasters from seven countries participated in the inaugural edition of the contest, and the first winner was the host country, with the song "Refrain " performed by Lys Assia. The result was determined by an assembled jury composed of two jurors from each country, with each juror giving each song a score between one and ten. Only the winning country and song were announced at the conclusion of the event, with the results of the remaining participants unknown. Even though it was broadcast on television via the Eurovision network and radio in ten countries, no video footage of the event is known to exist, with the only video available being of the reprise performance from an independent archiver; the majority of the broadcast is, however, available in audio.
Origins
The European Broadcasting Union was formed in 1950 among 23 organisations with the aim of facilitating creative cooperation and the exchange of television programmes.The word "Eurovision" was first used as a telecommunications term in the United Kingdom in 1951, in reference to a programme by the British Broadcasting Corporation being relayed by Dutch television, and was subsequently used as the title for the union's new transmission network upon its creation in 1954.
Following the formation of the EBU, a number of notable events were transmitted through its networks in several European countries, including Belgium, France, West Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. A series of international exchange programmes were subsequently organised for 1954, with this "European Television Season" relayed live across Europe through the Eurovision network.
Following this series of transmissions, a "Programme Committee" was set up within the EBU to investigate new initiatives for cooperation between broadcasters each year, with Marcel Bezençon of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation serving as the committee's first president. This committee agreed to study the concept for a new televised European song contest during a meeting in January 1955, a concept initially proposed by the Italian broadcaster RAI and inspired by its both the Sanremo Music Festival, held annually since 1951, and the Venice International Song Festival held in 1955 on the radio. The new European contest was subsequently approved at the EBU's annual General Assembly in October 1955, leading to the creation of the European Grand Prix.
Location
Participants
Broadcasters from seven countries participated in this first contest,,,, the, and . Those from and are believed to have also been interested in participating; however, they reportedly missed the cut-off point for entry. These two, as well as the BBC in the, would broadcast the contest along with those in the participating countries, with the BBC having chosen to not send an entry for this event in favour of organising its own contest, the Festival of British Popular Songs.Two of the performers, Switzerland's Lys Assia and Luxembourg's Michèle Arnaud, performed both entries for their respective countries. Assia, as well as the Netherlands' Corry Brokken and Belgium's Fud Leclerc, would return to compete in the contest in future editions, with Assia returning and, Brokken also returning and, and Leclerc returning,, and.
| Country | Broadcaster | Artist | Song | Language | Songwriter | Conductor |
| Fud Leclerc | "Messieurs les noyés de la Seine" | French | Léo Souris | |||
| "Le Plus Beau Jour de ma vie" | French | Léo Souris | ||||
| RTF | Mathé Altéry | "Le Temps perdu" | French | Franck Pourcel | ||
| RTF | Dany Dauberson | "Il est là" | French | Simone Vallauris | Franck Pourcel | |
| Freddy Quinn | "So geht das jede Nacht" | German | Fernando Paggi | |||
| Walter Andreas Schwarz | "Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück" | German | Walter Andreas Schwarz | Fernando Paggi | ||
| RAI | Franca Raimondi | "Aprite le finestre" | Italian | |||
| RAI | Tonina Torrielli | "Amami se vuoi" | Italian | |||
| CLT | Michèle Arnaud | "Les Amants de minuit" | French | Jacques Lasry | ||
| CLT | Michèle Arnaud | "Ne crois pas" | French | Christian Guittreau | Jacques Lasry | |
| NTS | Corry Brokken | "Voorgoed voorbij" | Dutch | Fernando Paggi | ||
| NTS | Jetty Paerl | "De vogels van Holland" | Dutch | Fernando Paggi | ||
| SRG SSR | Lys Assia | "Das alte Karussell" | German | Georg Betz-Stahl | Fernando Paggi | |
| SRG SSR | Lys Assia | "Refrain " | French | Fernando Paggi |
Production and format
A planning sub-group, headed by Eduard Hass of SRG SSR, was formed following the sign-off on the organisation of the event to build out the rules of the competition. Taking inspiration from the Sanremo Music Festival and the Venice International Song Festival as a basis in planning the new contest, the group made several amendments and additions to these rules to suit its international nature. Ideas suggested but ultimately rejected during this planning phase included featuring each song a second time with a piano accompaniment instead of orchestral backing, as well as technical initiatives such as a separate producer from each participating broadcaster involved in the contest's organisation. Prize money for the winners was also ruled out at this stage. The rules of the contest were finalised and distributed to EBU members in early 1956. The rules set out in detail the criteria for the participating songs and performers; production details and requirements; timelines for the submission of materials by the participating broadcasters; the method by which the winning song would be determined; details related to the financing of the event; and the responsibilities which lay with the host broadcaster and the participating broadcasters.The inaugural Eurovision Song Contest was produced by the Italian-language radio broadcaster Radiotelevisione svizzera, in cooperation with the television service of SRG SSR, which brought a television production truck from Zurich to Lugano. Franco Marazzi served as director of the event on behalf of RSI, with Rolf Liebermann overseeing the production and the jury deliberations on behalf of the EBU as its executive supervisor and jury president.
Each participating broadcaster submitted into the contest a maximum of two songs not exceeding three to three-and-a-half minutes in duration, which must have been solely original compositions. They had sole discretion on how to select their entries for the contest but were strongly encouraged by the EBU to hold their own national contests to determine their representatives. Each song was accompanied by a 24-piece orchestra, with members of the Radiosa Orchestra supplemented by strings of the Italian Swiss Radio Symphony Orchestra, presided over by the contest's musical director, Fernando Paggi; the contest's musical director was also available to conduct the performances of the participating entries if a separate conductor was not otherwise appointed by that country.
Broadcasters were required to submit to the EBU by 10 May 1956 scores for their participating songs for use by the orchestra, audio recordings of each song, and copies of the songs lyrics in the original language, as well as translations into French or English to aid the jury members and commentators. The confirmed selection of each country's musical director was required to be communicated between 21 and 24 May. According to the rules, the order in which the countries and songs were performed was to be determined artistically by the host broadcaster, with input and support by the musical directors from each country. However, a draw determining the order of countries seems to have taken place in Gardone a few days prior to the contest. Rehearsals in the contest venue with the competing artists and the orchestra began on 21 May 1956.
Following the performance of all songs, the winner was determined by an assembled jury composed of two individuals from each country, with each individual member rating secretly each song between one and ten, including those representing their own country, with higher scores given to more appreciated songs. The jury followed the contest in the bridge room in the same venue in Lugano through a small television screen, replicating the conditions as close as possible to how viewers at home would watch the contest. The winning song was thus that which gained the highest score from the votes cast by all jury members. In the event of a tie between two or more entries all songs with the highest score would have been declared winners.
In news reports at the time, according to one Dutch juror, the jury members were removed from the jury room once they had cast their votes and were therefore unable to follow the tabulation of the final results. The jury members from Luxembourg were unable to attend the contest in Lugano, and subsequently the EBU allowed two Swiss nationals to vote in their place. This would remain the only contest in which many of these rules would be utilised, and several changes were made ahead of the 1957 contest. These included restricting each country to only one song, expanding the number of performers allowed to participate for each country, introducing a more visible voting system, and restricting each country from voting for their own entry.