1 Samuel 5

1 Samuel 5 is the fifth chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter describes how the Ark of Covenant was taken by the Philistines, a part of the "Ark Narrative" within a section concerning the life of Samuel.

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 12 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis, Aleppo Codex, and Codex Leningradensis. Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 with extant verses 8–12.
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint include Codex Vaticanus and Codex Alexandrinus.

Places

Period

The events in this chapter happened at the end of judges period in Israel, about 1100 BC.

Analysis

The power of Ark of the Covenant on its own was demonstrated over the Philistines by the destruction of Dagon's image as well as the sickness and death of the people in Philistine cities, implying that the ark actually possesses the necessary power for the Israelites' victory, so the military defeat was with God's permission and the capture of the ark was a punishment for Israel's disrespect of it. This chapter gives prominence to 'the hand of YHWH' that struck the Philistines with 'tumors', recalling the 'Exodus tradition' on the 'supremacy of YHWH over other gods'. The events refer back to, while also providing 'a bridge between the conquest of the ark in chapter 4 and its return to Israel in chapter 6.

The Ark in Ashdod (5:1–7)

In the ancient Near East it was customary to carry idols of the gods of those who had been vanquished to the temple of the victors and to place them beside the idols of their gods, indicating the latter's supremacy over the former. However, here the power of YHWH over Dagon is displayed with Dagon
twice humiliated in his own temple in Ashdod: on the first day, Dagon's statue was thrown down in front of the ark, and on the second day, the statue's head and hands were cut off and were lying on
the threshold.

Verse 1

"Philistines": a group of people coming from the northeastern Mediterranean area and entering "Palestine" around 1200 BCE.
"Ebenezer": literally, "the stone, the help", where 'the second noun is in apposition to the first one'; apparently forming the name by which the stone was known. The expression is used here and in 1 Samuel 7:12, but unlike in 1 Samuel 4:1, the first word lacks the definite article.
"Ashdod":, one of the five major cities of the Philistines, situated on near the sea, about west of Jerusalem, north of Ashkelon. It was assigned to Judah, but was only conquered in the reign of Uzziah. Jonathan Maccabaeus destroyed the city, but it was rebuilt after the Roman conquest of Judea.

Verse 2

"Dagon": a Philistine idol, also a Semitic deity, identified in Ugaritic texts as the father of Baal.

Verse 6

"Tumors" : or "bleeding piles", or more probably "boils". The mention of "mice" in the next chapter together with "tumors" indicates that this outbreak could be bubonic plague.

Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate contain an addition "And in the midst of their land rats sprang up, and there was a great death panic in the city."

The Ark in Gath (5:8–9)

Gath may have been chosen to host the ark, because there was no temple of Dagon there, as 'the Philistines attributing the plague to the antagonism between YHWH and Dagon'.

Verse 8

"Lords": from Philistine plural word סַרְנֵ֨י, ; the singular form "seren" is cognate with the Greek word "tyrannos".
"Gath": now called "Tell-es-Sâfi", east of Ashdod, located at the foot of the mountains of Judah. It was the hometown of Goliath, and where David took refuge from the persecutions of Saul.

The Ark in Ekron (5:10–12)

The description of the plagues inflicted on Ekron seems to indicate a greater severity than those on Ashdod and Gath. The underlying message could be that the longer the Philistines retained the ark, the harder the punishment from the God of Israel would be.

Verse 10

"Ekron": now "Tel Miqne" or "Khirbet el-Muqanna", the most northerly of the five major Philistine cities, about north of Gath, west of Jerusalem. It was allotted to the tribe of Judah, and was occupied for a short period by the Israelites.
"To slay us and our people": in Hebrew literally "to me, to slay my people" ; the singular form seems to denote the 'lord' of the city acting as a spokesperson.